EDUCATIONAL TOUR

EDUCATIONAL TOUR

çLrkouk

Hkze.k euq"; thou dk ,d vfHkUu vax gSA ,d gh LFkku ij cgqr le; rd jgus ls ge Åc tkrs gSa]  u,&u, LFkkuksa ij tkus dh bPNk gksrh gSA tc ge u,&u, LFkkuksa ij tkrs gSa] rks ogk¡ fofo/k oLrqvksa ls ifjp; gksrk gSA gekjk Kkuo/kZu gksrk gSA eu Hkh çlUu gksrk gSA ge thou esa dsoy iqLrdksa ls gh ugha] vfirq vU; Hkh cgqr ls ek/;e gSa] ftuls lh[krs gSaA mUgha ek/;eksa esa Hkze.k Hkh f'k{kk dk ,d vPNk ek/;e gSA ftu&ftu txgksa ij ge tkrs gSa] ogk¡&ogk¡ ds yksxksa dh laL—fr] ijeijk,¡] [kkuiku] os'kHkw"kk] jgu&lgu vkfn dk irk pyrk gSA vyx&vyx çdkj ds f'k"Vkpkjksa dk Kku gksrk gSA Hkze.k esa fofHkUu LoHkko okys euq";ksa ls feyu gksrk gS] muds O;ogkjksa dks ns[k dj ge cgqr dqN lh[krs gSaA Hkze.k ls l`f"V dh fofo/krk dk cks/k gksrk gSA fofo/k ouLifr;k¡] unh] ioZr] >hy] efUnj] egy bR;kfn oLrqvksa dks ns[kdj eu uohurk dk vuqHko djrk gSA Hkze.k ls orZeku dh lkekftd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk gh ugha] fdUrq fofHkUu ,sfrgkfld LFkyksa dks ns[kdj ge iqjkuh lH;rk] dyk] laL—fr ,oa ijeijkvksa ds ckjs esa Hkh Kku çkIr djrs gSaA Hkze.k esa gesa fofHkUu ifjfLFkfr;k¡ çkIr gksrh gSaA mu lc esa lke¥~tL; djuk gksrk gSA lax esa ;k=k gks rks mldk Hkh vyx gh vuqHko gksrk gSaA

ge cgqr&ls dkj.kksa ls Hkze.k djrs gSA dHkh ;g Hkze.k O;kikj ds flyflys esa gksrk gS] rks dHkh u,&u, LFkkuksa dks ns[kus ds fy,A blds vykok vU; vko';drkvksa ds dkj.k Hkh ;k=k djuh iM+rh gSA ekSle ds cnyko ds fy, rFkk igkfM;ksa dh NVk ns[kus ds fy, ge nkftaZfyax ;k f'keyk tkrs gSaA dHkh&dHkh leqæ esa Luku vkSj lw;ksZn; ds –'; dks ns[kus ds fy, ge iwjh ;k=k djrs gSaA /keZ ds çfr vk'kk ds dkj.k ge nqxZe rhFkZ LFkkuksa dh ;k=k ij tkrs gSaA ysfdu gekjs ns'k esa Kku çkfIr ds mís'; ls 'kk;n gh dksbZ Hkze.k djrk gksA ;wjksi] vejhdk rFkk vU; if'peh ns'kks esa Hkze.k f'k{kk dk vko';d vax gSA

'kSf{kd Hkze.k

Nk=ksa dks fu;fer 'kSf{kd Hkze.k ij ys tk;k tkuk pkfg, gS ftlls Nk= [kqys okrkoj.k esa f'k{kk dks vius O;fäxr vuqHkoksa ls ifjHkkf"kr djrs gSA 'kSf{kd Hkze.k ds ek/;e ls Nk=ksa esa ,d vuqHkwfr tkx`r gksrh gS] ftlls os Hkkjr dh fofHkUurkvksa tSls & bfrgkl] foKku  f'k"Vkpkj vkSj ç—fr dks O;fäxr :i ls tku ldrs gS blds vfrfjä Nk=ksa esa lewg esa jgus dh ço`fr] uk;d cuus dh {kerk rFkk vkRefo'okl ,oa HkkbZ pkjs dh Hkkouk çcy gksrh gSA vuqL‍Fkkiu çf'k{k.k dk;ZØe ds nkSjku çfrHkkfx;ksa gsrq jk"‍Vªh; laxzgky;] jk"‍Vªh; çk—frd foKku laxzgky;] f'kY‍i dyk laxzgky;] bR‍;kfn laxzgky;ksa ds 'kS{kf.kd Hkze.k vk;ksftr fd, tkrs gSaA bu Hkze.kksa dk mís'; laxzgky;ksa esa miyC‍/k lalk/kuksa dk v/‍;;u djuk rFkk ;g tkuuk gS fd budk ç;ksx fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds –f"Vdks.k dks O‍;kid cukus ds fy, fdl çdkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA çR‍;sd 'kSf{kd Hkze.k ds nkSjku bu rF‍;ksa ij cy fn;k tkrk gS fd laxzgky;ksa] ,sfrgkfld L‍ekjdksa dk ç;ksx ^f'k{k.k dsU‍æks* ds :i esa fd;k tkuk pk‍fg,A odZ'khV~l ds ek/‍;e ls çfrHkkfx;ksa dh fVI‍if.k;ksa dks laxzgky; dh fdlh ,d oL‍rq rd Hkh ;nkdnk ifjlhfer dj fn;k tkrk gS rkfd os vius fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds lkFk bu L‍Fkkuh; f'k{k.k dsU‍æksa ¼laxzgky;ksa] ,sfrgkfld L‍ekjdksa½ ds nkSjksa esa blh çdkj dh odZ'khV~l rS;kj dj ldsaA fpfM+;k?kjksa vkSj ,sfrgkfld L‍ekjdksa dh 'kS‍{kf.kd ;k=kvksa ds ek/‍;e ls çk—frd rFkk lkaL‍—frd laink ds lja{k.k esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh Hkwfedk rFkk egR‍o n'kkZus dk ç;kl fd;k tkrk gSA le; miyC‍/krk gksus ij dyk nh?kkZvksa vkSj lkaL‍—frd çn'kZfu;ksa ds nkSjksa dk Hkh vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gS rkfd çfrHkkxh ledkyhu dyk ds L‍o:i ,oa fodkl dks çR‍;{k :i ls tku ldsaA

'kSf{kd Hkze.k ds mís'; ,oa y{;

Hkze.k ;k 'kSf{kd ;k=k dk vFkZ ml fof/k ls gS ftlds ek/;e ls ;k=kvksa dks d{kk rFkk Ldwy ls ckgj vf/kxe ds fy;s ys tk;k tkrk gSA çfl) f'k{kk'kkL=h #lks us Hkze.k ds ek/;e ls Kku çkIr djus ij cy fn;k ufd iqLrdsa i<+djA

'kSf{kd Hkze.k ds y{;

çkphu dky esa v/;kiu ;k f'k{k.k dks ,d lsok ds #i esa ns[kk tkrk Fkk vk/kqfud dky esa bls ,d m|e ;k vkthfodk dk Lo#i çnku fd;k tk jgk gSA ftlds Qyr% v/;kidh; dk;Z] Hkwfedk vkSj nkf;Ro dk foLrkj.k gks jgk gSA ;g {ks= d{kkd{k lhek ds vkxs —e'k% foLr`r gksrk tk jgk gSA orZeku ;qx esa dsoy lS)kfUrd Kku Nk=ksa dks çfr;ksxh cukus ds fy;s vko';d ugha gS O;ogkfjd Kku Hkh cjkcj vko';d gSA

'kSf{kd Hkze.k ç;ksxkRed vf/kxe ij cy nsrk gS tksfd lewg o LofunsZf'kr nksuks çdkj dh fØ;kvksa dk ekSdk nsrk gS o vf/kxedrkZ dks fofo/k laL—fr;ksa] yksxksa o O;ogkfjdrkvksa dks le>us ds ;ksX; cukrk gSA

'kSf{kd Hkze.k ds mís';

·       lHkh LFkkuksa ¼fo'ofo|ky;ksa] efUnjksa] laLFkkuksa½ dks çR;{k #i ls ns[kukA

·       laLFkkuksa o fo'ofo|ky;ksa esa lapkfyr fd;s tk jgs ikBîØeksa dks le>uk o mudh egRoiw.kZ ckrksa dks viukukA

·       f'k{k.k dks #fpdj cukukA

·       Nk=ksa esa fujh{k.k 'kfä dk fodkl djukA

·       Nk=ksa dks LokoyEch cuus dk volj çnku djukA

·       Nk=ksa dks vkRe fodkl o vkRe flf) dk vuqHko çnku djukA

·       ;g Nk=ksa dks Kku çnku djkus dk çkFkfed L=ksr gSA

·       Nk=ksa esa ifjfLFkfr dks lw{e #i ls v/;;u djus dh ;ksX;rk dk fodkl djukA

·       Nk=ksa dks fofHkUu çdkj ds laLFkkuksa o ogk¡ ds fu;eksa o çkfo/kkuksa ds çfr lw>&cw> o vUr–Zf"V dks fodflr djukA

·       Nk=ksa esa gfj}kj] _f"kds'k] nsgjknwu ds fo"k; esa xgu le> dks fodflr djuk o ogk¡ lkaL—frd] ,sfrgkfld] o ikSjkf.kd egRo dks le>ukA

·       'kSf{kd Hkze.k dk mís'; 'kSf{kd Kku ds lkFk&lkFk foKku o xf.kr ds mUeq[kh çfr"Bkuksa dh dk;Zç.kkyh vkSj muls tqM+h tkudkfj;ka çkIr djkuk gSA blds lkFk gh lewg esa jgus dh ço`fÙk] usr`Ro {kerk vkSj HkkbZpkjs dh Hkkouk dks çcy djuk gksrk gSA

'kSf{kd Hkze.k dk egRo ,oa ykHk

'kSf{kd Hkze.k }kjk brus vf/kd 'kSf{kd ykHk gksrs gSa lHkh dk vklkuh ls o.kZu ugha fd;k tk ldrkA Hkze.k ls tks ge lh[krs gSa] mls iqLrdksa ls lh[kuk dfBu gksrk gSA D;ksafd lh[kus esa vk¡[k dh Hkwfedk vU; KkusfUæ;ksa dh rqyuk esa lcls vf/kd gksrh gSA

vaxzsth ds çfl) ys[kd csdu dk dguk gS fd ß;qok oxZ ds fy, Hkze.k f'k{kk dk vax gS] tcfd cM+s yksxksa dks blls vuqHko feyrk gSAß

Kku esa o`f)

'kSf{kd Hkze.k gekjs fdrkch Kku esa o`f) djrk gSA 'kSf{kd Hkze.k ds lgkjs bfrgkl gesa okLrfod fn[krk gS rFkk lewpk Hkwxksy lkdkj gks mBrk gSA blls vFkZ'kkL= ds fl)kUrksa dh ijh{kk gks tkrh gS vkSj ubZ pqukSfr;ka mHkj vkrh gSaA lekt'kkL= dh uhao etcwr gks tkrh gSA ,sfrgkfld egÙo ds LFkkuksa ds 'kSf{kd Hkze.k ls iqLrdksa esa i<+h /kq¡/kyh Nfo çdkf'kr gksdj lkdkj gks tkrh gSA

lalkj ds O;kogkfjd Kku dh çkfIr

'kSf{kd Hkze.k lalkj ds O;kogkfjd Kku dks çkIr djus dk lqugjk volj çnku djrk gSA çfl) dfo iksi us Bhd gh dgk gS fd ßekuork dk lgh v/;;u euq";ksa ds v/;;u ls gh gks ldrk gSA 'kSf{kd Hkze.k ds nkSjku rjg&rjg ds O;fä;ksa ls gekjk laidZ gksrk gSAÞ

;fn ge pkSdUuh fuxkg j[kdj 'kSf{kd Hkze.k djsa vkSj vius fny vkSj fnekx ds f[kM+dh vkSj njokts lHkh [kqys j[ksa rks gesa 'kSf{kd Hkze.k ls lalkj ds O;fä;ksa vkSj ?kVukvksa dk bruk O;kogkfjd Kku çkIr gks tk;sxk tks fdlh Hkh iqLrd ls ugha fey ldrkA

LokLF; ds fy, vfuok;Z

efLr"d ds LoLF; fodkl ds fy, Hkh Hkze.k vfr vko';d gSA johUæ ukFk VSxksj dk dguk gS fd eu dk LokLF; pquh gqbZ iqLrdksa dh tsy dh nhokjks ls f?kjs fu'py jdwy dh xfrghu d{kkvksa esa i<+kbZ ls ugha lq/kj ldrkA

–f"Vdks.k esa ifjorZu

'kSf{kd Hkze.k ls gekjk –f"Vdks.k foLr`r gksrk gSA blls gekjs fopkjks vkSj –f"Vdks.k esa mnkjrk vkrh gSA blds }kjk gekjs eu esa ekuork ds çfr lgkuqHkwfr tkx`r gksrh gSA fofo/k çdkj dk vuqHko ikdj ge ?kVukvksa vkSj oLrqvksa dks ,d ubZ fn'kk ls ns[kuk lh[k tkrs gSaA blls ewY;ksa ds çfr gekjk lgh –f"Vdks.k fodflr gksrk gSA

O;kikj vkSj okf.kT; dh mUufr

'kSf{kd Hkze.k }kjk gesa O;kikj vkSj okf.kT; dh Hkh O;kogkfjd tkudkjh feyrh gSA fo'o ds O;kikfjd dsUæksa ds Hkze.k ls gesa bruk Kku çkIr gksrk gS] tks okf.kfT;d iqLrdky; dh lHkh iqLrdksa rd ls çkIr ugha gks ldrkA futh laidZ ls u, O;kikjks dk lw=ikr gksrk gS] bl rjg 'kSf{kd Hkze.k }kjk O;kikj dks cM+k c<+kok feyrk gSA

ç—fr dh xksn dk vglkl

'kSf{kd Hkze.k ls ge ç—fr dh xksn esa igqaprs gSaA fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa dh iqLrdksa esa vusd fo}kuksa ds ç—fr o.kZu dks i<+dj ge cM+s çHkkfor gksrs gSa] ysfdu Hkze.k }kjk ogh lc gekjs lkeus lkdkj gksdj ea=eqX/k dj nsrk gSA fo'kky ioZrksa ds lkeus [kM+s gksus ij vFkok xaxk rV dh mNyrh ygjsa ns[k dj gesa viuh y?kqrk dk Kku gksrk gSA

'kSf{kd i;ZVu fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, vfuok;Z

;g cM+k egÙoiw.kZ gS fd çR;sd fo|kFkhZ dks Hkze.k ds leqfpr volj miyC/k djkus pkfg,A ysfdu gekjh fu/kZurk ds dkj.k fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh cgqr cM+h la[;k dks bl gsrq i;kZIr /ku ugha fey ikrk fQj Hkh Hkze.k ds egÙo dks /;ku esa j[krs gq,] gekjh f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa dks jsy vf/kdkfj;ksa rFkk laLFkkvks ls lgk;rk ysdj lLrh njks ij dqN 'kSf{kd i;ZVuksa dh O;oLFkk vo'; gh djuh pkfg, A Hkze.k dk iwjk ykHk mBkus ds fy, gesa ;k=k ds nkSjku viuh v‚[ksa vkSj dku [kqys j[kus pkfg, rFkk eu esa lh[kus dh yyd gksuh pkfg, A

;k=k dk;ZØe

fooj.k
çFke fnu	;k=k dk çkjEHk] lHkh v/;kidx.k o Nk=x.k us viuh mifLFkfr dkuiqj lsUVªy LVs'ku ij jkr 9 cts mifLFkfr ntZ djk;hA
f}rh; fnu	yxHkx lk;a 5 cts gfj}kj LVs'ku igq¡ps] gfj dh ikSM+h dh vksj çLFkku fd;k] xaxk Luku fd;k] ogk¡ ls vius fuokl LFkku dh vksj çLFkku fd;k x;kA
r`rh; fnu	lqcg 7 cts gfj}kj ls _f"kds'k ds fy;s çLFkku] y{e.k >wyk] jke >wyk ds n'kZu] jRuksa dh tkudkjh çkfIr ds fy;s mÙkjk[k.M ljdkj }kjk LFkkfir dh x;h nqdku esa ços'k] i'kqjkt cSjkt] o phyk ty fo|qr ifj;kstuk dk çR;{k voyksdu] p.Mh ekrk efUnj ds n'kZuA
prqZFk fnu	nsgjknwu dh vksj çLFkku] ekbaMjksfyax eksusLVªh] ou vuqla/kku laLFkku] jk"Vªh; –f"V fnO;kaxtu laLFkku] o j{kk vuqla/kku ,oa fodkl laxBu dk voyksduA
iape fnu	'kkafr dqat vkJe] o nso laL—fr fo'ofo|ky; gfj}kj dk voyksdu] 12 cts gfj}kj LVs'ku dks çLFkkuA
"k"Be~ fnu	dkuiqj iudh LVs'ku ij vkxeuA

fnukad 14&6&2019 dk fooj.k

fnukad 14&6&2019 dks lHkh v/;kidx.k o Nk=x.k us viuh mifLFkfr dkuiqj lsUVªy LVs'ku ij jkr 9 cts ntZ djk;hA jkf= 10%0 cts laxe ,Dlizsl ls gfj}kj ds fy, izLrku fd;kA

fnukad 15&6&2019 dk fooj.k

fnukad 15&6&2019 dks “kke 4%30 ls 5%0 cts gfj}kj LVs”ku igq¡ps A

gfj}kj esa Hkze.k fd;s x;s LFkku

gfj dh ikSM+h

;g Hkkjr ds mÙkjk[k.M jkT; ds gfj}kj esa xaxk unh ds fdukjs ,d çfl) ?kkV gSA ;g J)s; LFkku ifo= 'kgj gfj}kj dk çeq[k LFky gSA ftlesa gj dk vFkZ Hkxoku f'ko o ikSM+h dk vFkZ pj.k gSA ekuk tkrk gS fd oSfnd dky esa Hkxoku f'ko vkSj Hkxoku fo".kq us gj dh ikSM+h esa czãdqaM dh ;k=k dh FkhA ;g lVhd LFkku gS tgka xaxk igkM+ksa dks NksM+dj eSnkuksa esa ços'k djrh gSA ?kkV xaxk ugj ds if'peh rV ij gS] ftlds ek/;e ls xaxk dks mÙkj dh vksj eksM+ fn;k tkrk gSA gj dh ikSM+h og {ks= gS tgk¡ gtkjksa rhFkZ;k=h tqVrs gSa vkSj ckjg lky esa yxus okys dqaHk esys ds nkSjku mRlo dh 'kq#vkr gksrh gSA dgk tkrk gS fd jktk foØekfnR; us igyh 'krkCnh bZl iwoZ esa vius HkkbZ HkjFkjh dh ;kn esa bls cuok;k Fkk] tks xaxk ds fdukjs ;gka /;ku djus vk, FksA gj dh ikSM+h ds Hkhrj ,d {ks=] tgka 'kke dks xaxk vkjrh gksrh gS vkSj ftls lcls ifo= ekuk tkrk gS] mls czãdqaM ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS bls og LFkku ekuk tkrk gS tgk¡ ve`r dh cwans vkdk'k ls fxjh Fkha] tksfd leqæ eaFku ds ckn vkdk'kh; i{kh x#M+ }kjk ?kM+s esa ys tk;k x;k FkkA çR;sd fnu gj dh ikSM+h ?kkV ij lSdM+ksa yksx xaxk ds ikuh esa Mqcdh yxkrs gSaA ;g LFkku cgqr 'kqHk ekuk tkrk gSA

;gk¡ Nk=ksa us xaxk unh esa Luku fd;k o fQj gksus okyh xaxk vkjrh esa Hkkx fy;kA

;gk¡ ls lHkh us Jhegk”kfDr pSjsfVcy VªLV ¼/keZ'kkyk½ dh vksj çLFkku fd;kA

fnukad 16&6&2019 dk fooj.k

fnukad 16&6&2019 dks çkr% 6%0 ls 7%0 cts rS;kj gksdj loZçFke 'kkafrdqat vkJe esa tkdj lqcg dk uk'rk fd;kA

d{kk ds lHkh lgikfB;ksa us Hkh 'kkafrdqat vkJe esa lqcg dk uk'rk fd;k ftlesa yxHkx 90 feuV dk le; yxkA 9%0 cts cl esa cSBdj lHkh lgikfB;ksa ds vk vkus dk bartkj fd;k ,oa 9%15 le; ij _f"kds'k ds fy, çLFkku fd;kA

_f"kds'k esa Hkze.k fd;s x;s LFkku

y{e.k >wyk o jke >wyk

;g _f"kds'k 'kgj esa xaxk unh ij cuk ,d iqy gSA ftlds fo"k; esa ges gekjs xkbM ds }kjk tkudkjh çnku dh x;hA mUgksus crk;k fd _f"kds'k dks nsoHkwfe dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd _f"kds'k dks dsnkjukFk] cæhukFk] xaxks=h vkSj ;equks=h dk ços'k}kj ekuk tkrk gS ;s dgrs gSa fd ;gka dadM dadM esa 'kadj clrs gS D;ksafd xaxk th esa ik;s tkus okys iRFkjksa dks mBkdj yksx f'kofyax dk vkdkj nsdj mldh iwtk djrs gS ty p<+krs gS ysfdu ;gka jke >wyk o y{e.k >wyk dk vFkZ gS fd ;g >wyk u jke us cuok;k gS u gh y{e.k th us ijUrq budk uke ;g blfy;s j[kk x;k rkfd ;gka vkus okyk çR;sd O;fä pkgs og fdlh Hkh tkfr ;k /keZ ls gks ,d ckj jke o y{e.k th dk uke vo'; ys lhrk >wyk cuus ds fy;s fopkjk/khu gSA y{e.k >wyk dk fuekZ.k 1927 esa fczfV'k ljdkj us cuok;k Fkk fQj Hkkjr ljdkj us 1985 esa jke >wyk cuok;kA D;ksafd ;g cM+k Fkk ;g gekjh eq[; xaxk HkkxhjFkh xaxk ij cuk gS xaxk fgeky; ls fudydj lh/ks _f"kds'k esa vkrh gS vkSj mlds ckn gfj}kj esa tkrh gS rc ç;kxjkt vkSj xaxklkxj rd tkrh gS blfy;s dgk tkrk gS fd lkjs rhFkZ ckj ckj xaxk lkxj ,d ckjA ;gka ls lHkh Nk=ksa us ijekFkZ fudsru dh vksj çLFkku fd;k tgka ij lHkh us yxHkx 300 o"kZ iqjkus ihiy o`{k dk n'kZu fd;k tksfd x.ks'k Hkxoku ds eqag ds vkdkj dk gS ftldh cgqr ekU;rk gS ;gka fo".kq Hkxoku dk fojkV #i gS ;gka ij Hkwrs'oj egknso dk eafnj gS tc Hkxoku f'ko dh ckjkr jktk n{k çtkifr ds ikl tk jgh Fkh rc budh ckjkr ;gh Bgjh Fkh blds ckn lHkh Nk=ksa us mÙkjk[k.M ljdkj }kjk LFkkfir dh x;h jRuksa dh nqdku ls jRuksa ds fo"k; es tkudkjh çkIr dh tSls LQfVd ftlls y{eh ;a=] ekyk] isaMsV vkfn cuk;s x;s Fks] iapeq[kh o ,deq[kh #æk{k ds fo"k; esa Hkh tkudkjh çkIr dhA

i'kqjkt cSjkt

i'kqjkt cSjkt mÙkjk[k.M ds _f"kds'k es fLFkr gS ftldh yEckbZ 320 ehVj gS bldh fLiyos {kerk 13200 eh3@ls- gSA

ty fo|qr x`g phyk

gkbMªksikoj ,d okVj ikoj gS vkSj gkbMªksbysfDVªd ikoj ikuh ds }kjk mRikfnr dh x;h fo|qr gS ftlesa fd fLFkfrt ÅtkZ xfrt ÅtkZ esa cny tkrh gSA tksfd ikoj IykaV esa ;kaf=d ÅtkZ esa cny tkrh gS tksfd fo|qr ÅtkZ esa cny tkrh gSA pkjks vksj ls ouksa ls f?kjk gqvk gSA

p.Mh ekrk efUnj

;g eafnj gfj}kj ls 6 fdyksehVj nwj ,d igkM+h ij clk gSA paMh nsoh eafnj gj dh ikSM+h ls 4 fdyksehVj dh nwjh ij fLFkr gSA eafnj rd igq¡pus ds fy;s ;k rks paMh?kkV ls rhu fdyksehVj Vªsfdax ekxZ ls vkuk iM+rk gS vkSj dbZ pj.kksa dh p<+kbZ djds ;k jksi&os ij p<+dj eafnj rd igq¡prs gSaA rhFkZ;kf=;ksa dh lqfo/kk ds fy;s paMh nsoh mM+u[kVksyk ds uke ls tkuh tkus okyh jksi&os lsok dh 'kq#vkr dh xbZ gS vkSj ;g rhFkZ;kf=;ksa dks fudVorhZ eulk nsoh eafnj esa Hkh igqapkrh gSA

fnukad 17&6&2019 dk fooj.k

fnukad 17&6&2019 dks çkr% 6%0 cts rS;kj gksdj loZçFke 'kkafrdqat vkJe esa tkdj lqcg dk uk'rk fd;kA

d{kk ds lHkh lgikfB;ksa us Hkh 'kkafrdqat vkJe esa lqcg dk uk'rk fd;k ftlesa yxHkx 90 feuV dk le; yxkA 8%0 cts cl esa cSBdj lHkh lgikfB;ksa ds vk vkus dk bartkj fd;k ,oa 8%10 le; ij nsgjknwu ds fy, çLFkku fd;kA 10%30 esa nsgjknwu igqapsA

cq)k eafnj

lcls igys xkSre cq) th ds eafnj esa ços'k fd;k rFkk ogka ij dbZ fo'ks"k tkudkfj;ka çkIr fd;k ,oa iwjs eafnj ifjlj dk Hkze.k fd;kA xkSre cq) th ds eq[; eafnj esa cq) th dh ,d cgqr gh lqanj çfrek LFkkfir ftldh Nfo cgqr vPNh yx jgh FkhA eafnj ifjlj ds vanj cgqr gh 'kkafriw.kZ okrkoj.k FkkA cq) th ds eq[; eafnj ds ,dne ck,a rjQ in~ekuan th dk cgqr cM+k Lrwi cuk gqvk FkkA usiky ls vk;s gq, yksxsa us crk;k fd in~ekuan th nwljs cq) th ds uke ls tkus tkrs gSaA eafnj ifjlj esa usikfy;ksa dh la[;k vR;f/kd ek=k esa Fkh ftuls eSaus okrkZyki fd;k vkSj dqN egRoiw.kZ tkudkjh tqVkbZ tks dh fuEufyf[kr gS &

mÙkjk[kaM viuh fo'kky çk—frd lqanjrk] rktk okrkoj.k vkSj lqanj yksxksa ds fy, tkuk tkrk gSA mÙkjk[kaM dh jkt/kkuh nsgjknwu esa dbZ [kwclwjr txg gSaA ,slh gh ,d [kwclwjr txg Þcq)k VsEiy ;k cq)k eafnjß gS] tks fd ,d frCcrh eB gS vkSj ;g e.Mksfyax eB ds :i esa Hkh çfl) gSA bldk ,d frCcrh /kkfeZd LFkku] eksgCysokyk] DysesaV Vkmu] nsgjknwu esa fLFkr gS] tks fd vkbZ,lchVh nsgjknwu ls dqN fdyksehVj nwj gSA ;g pkj frCcrh /keZ fo|ky;ksa esa ls ,d ds :i esa cuk;k x;k Fkk vkSj bldk uke Þfuaxekß FkkA vU; rhu Ldwyksa dks 'kkD;] dktw;w vkSj xsyqd dgk tkrk gS vkSj frCcrh /keZ esa Hkh cgqr egRo gSA bl LFkku dks Þcq) eksuLVªhß ;k Þcq) xkMZuß ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS ,oe~ ;g    (Mindrolling Monastery) ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrh gSA ckS) eafnj dk fuekZ.k 1965 esa çfl) Þdksgsu fjuiksNsß vkSj ckS) /keZ ds /keZ dh j{kk vkSj laL—fr dks c<+kok nsus vkSj laj{k.k ds fy, dbZ vU; fHk{kqvksa }kjk fd;k x;k FkkA ;g eafnj tkikuh okLrqdyk 'kSyh esa cuk;k x;k gSA cq)k eafnj ds ckjs esa ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd ;g ,f'k;k dh lcls cMh Buddhist lekf/k gS] gj lky gtkjkas dh fxurh esa ns'k &fons'k ds VwfjLV ;agk n'kZu djus vkrs gSA ftlesa ykMZ cq)k vkSj xq# in~elEHkkok ¼Guru Padmasambhava) dh çfr"Bk gSA eafnj esa fLFkr cq)k th dh 103 feet dh çfrek cgqr gh lqUnj vkSj vkd"kZ.k dk dsaæ gSA igys rhu ¶yksj esa ykMZ cq)k dh l:i isafVaXl gS] ftlesa cq)k th ds thou ds ckjs esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA

cq)k eafnj dh ÅapkbZ 220 feet gS] blesa 5 eafty dk eafnj gS ,oe~ cq) eafnj ds rhu eaftyksa ij vya—r ltkoV ns[kus ds ckn] ,d eafnj dh pkSFkh eafty ij [kqys okrkoj.k dk ns[kus ds eap ij igqap ldrk gS] tks iwjs nsgjknwu ?kkVh ds 360 fMxzh –'; is'k djrk gS vkSj oks –'; cgqr gh vkdf"kZr djus okyk –'; gksrk gSA ,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd eafnj dks yxHkx 50 dykdkjksa }kjk fpf=r fd;k x;k Fkk] ftUgksaus xksYMu isaV ds bl rjg ds <kaps ds fuekZ.k ds fy, rhu lky dk le; fy;k Fkk vkSj ;g fp=dyk cq) ds thou dk o.kZu djrh gSA cq)k eafnj esa gj lky 500 ls T;knk Þykelß  f'k{kk çkIr djus ds fy, vkrs gS] ftu dh ns[k js[k cq)k eafnj ds çkf/kdkjh djrs gS] mUgsa eafnj esa eq¶r esa [kkuk] jguk vkSj diMs vkSj vU; lqfo/kk,¡ nh tkrh gSA cq)k eafnj ds pkjks rjQ gjk Hkjk xkMZu] isM+&ikS/ks vkSj 'k‚fiax dkEIysDl gSA iwjs {ks= esa 'kkafriw.kZ ekgkSy gS] ,d ckj eafnj esa ços'k djus ds ckn vki vius laiw.kZ 'kjhj esa 'kkafr vkSj vkjke eglwl dj ldrs gSA ;gka txg&txg cus yksgs ds cM+s&cM+s jksyj ?kqekus ls gj euksdkeuk iwjh gksrh gSA eafnj ifjlj ds vUnj dbZ nqdkusa] jsLrjka vkSj ,d iqLrd dh nqdku Hkh gSA vf/kdka'k iqLrdsa frCcrh Hkk"kk esa gSa vkSj T;knkrj frCcrh leqnk; }kjk [kjhnnkjh ds fy, gksrh gSa] tks eafnj ds pkjksa vksj QSys gksrs gSaA cq)k eafnj esa frCcru laL—fr ls tqMh gqbZ dkQh phtks dk vki vkuan ys ldrs gS tSls fdrkcs] mudk igukok] [kkuk] okLrqdyk vkSj gLrdyk ls fufeZr oLrq vkfnA

eafnj ifjlj esa ,d Ldwy Hkh Fkk tgka ij usikyh cPps vf/kd la[;k esa fn[kkbZ jgs FksA Ldwy ds ,dne ckabZ vksj ij cgqr cM+k xkSre cq) th dk Lrwi cuk gqvk Fkk tgka ij BaMk 'kjcr rFkk gyos ds çlkn dk forj.k gks jgk FkkA tgka ij eSaus vkSj esjs lkFkh tks lkFk esa Hkze.k dj jgs Fks uwru ;kno] dkty 'kqDyk] lhrk Hkkjrh] lq"kek jktiwr] vkjrh xqIrk] Hkkouk nhf{kr] lqHkkf"kuh flag vkfn us Hkh çlkn [kk;k ,oa 'kjcr fi;k blds ckn ge lHkh yksx foHkkxk/;{k egksn; ds fn, gq, le; 40 feuV ds vanj cl esa cSB x,A

yxHkx 11%0 cts lHkh yksx cl esa cSBdj ou vuqla/kku laLFkku ds fy, çLFkku fd;kA ou vuqla/kku laLFkku esa ge yksx 12%30 cts igqapsA ou vuqla/kku laLFkku ds eq[; }kj ij ços'k Qhl nsdj ge yksxksa us ços'k fd;kA ou vuqla/kku laLFkku esa lcls igys lHkh yksxksa dk ifjp; ogka ij v/;kid in ij  dk;Zjr vkpk;Z jktdqekj lj ls gqvk ftUgksaus ou vuqla/kku laLFkku ds ckjs esa laf{kIr tkudkjh nh ,oa dSaVhu esa Hkkstu djus ds fy, lq>ko Hkh fn;k rFkk ou vuqla/kku laLFkku 5 E;wft;e ds ckjs esa Hkh cgqr gh laf{kIr tkudkjh nh vkSj fVdV [kjhndj lHkh E;wft;eksa dk Hkze.k djus ds fy, lq>ko fn;kA ou vuqla/kku laLFkku esa fLFkr E;wft;eksa esa lcls igys rhu uacj okys E;wft;e esa x, ftldk uke ou lao/kZu laxzgky; ¼fVacj E;wft;e½ gSA

ou vuqla/kku laLFkku

bfrgkl

ou vuqla/kku laLFkku ¼,Q-vkj-vkb-Z½] nsgjknwu fd LFkkiuk lu~ 1878 esa Q‚jsLV Ldwy ds :i esa dh x;h FkhA çkjafHkd :i ls baihfj;y Q‚jsLV fjlpZ baLVhVîwV ds :i esa ukfer] ,Q-vkj-vkbZ- 1906 esa vfLrRo esa vk;kA ckn esa ou vuqla/kku laLFkku vkSj d‚ystksa ds :i esa uke cnydj] dbZ dsaæ LFkkfir fd, x,A iwjs ns'k esa vyx&vyx LFkkuksa ij vuqla/kku ds lkFk&lkFk ou vf/kdkfj;ksa vkSj ou jsatjksa ds çf'k{k.k gksrs gSaA ns'k esa okfudh vuqla/kku ds iquxZBu vkSj 1988 esa Hkkjrh; okfudh vuqla/kku vkSj f'k{kk ifj"kn ds fuekZ.k ds ckn] çf'k{k.k vkSj vuqla/kku dsaæksa dks laLFkkuksa dk ,d Lora= ntkZ fn;k x;k FkkA ou vuqla/kku laLFkku] tks vc ICFRE ds varxZr vkus okys laLFkkuksa esa ls ,d gS] dks ;wthlh] ekuo lalk/ku fodkl ea=ky;] Hkkjr ljdkj dh flQkfj'kksa ij fnlacj 1991 esa MhEM fo'ofo|ky; dk ntkZ fn;k x;k FkkA

ou vuqla/kku laLFkku 5 E;wft;e fuEufufyf[kr gSa&

 

Timber Museum

vke okf.kfT;d taxy gSaA laxzgky; dh nhokjksa ds lkFk çnf'kZr ,d lkS NCchl O;kolkf;d :i ls egRoiw.kZ çtkfr;ka vkxarqdksa dks bu ydfM+;ksa dh fo'ks"krkvksa ij ,d fopkj çnku djrh gSaA r[rksa ds fupys fgLlksa dks çk—frd voLFkk esa NksM+ fn;k x;k gS] tcfd Åijh vk/ks esa vylh ds rsy ds lkFk ydM+h dh fo'ks"krkvksa dks c<+k;k tkrk gSA r[rksa ds Åij yVds gq, isM+ksa dh rLohjsa gSa ftuds r[rksa dks NksVs uD'kksa ds lkFk Hkkjr esa muds forj.k dk ladsr fn;k x;k gSA ,d vyx ekeys esa ikjn'khZ QksVksfedksxzkQ ,d vke Hkkjrh; oqM~l dh lajpuk dks ,d ekbØksLdksi ds rgr ns[kk tkrk gSA

,d ?ku QhV gjh ydM+h ds uewus esa yxHkx 16 yhVj ikuh gksrk gS vkSj blds fy, lhtfuax dh vko';drk gksrh gSA lhtu ds ckn ,d egRoiw.kZ ek=k esa ikuh ¼2-7 yhVj½ vHkh Hkh ydM+h esa cuk gqvk gSA ;fn ydM+h dks lht ugha fd;k tkrk gS] rks ;q)] [kqj vkSj eksM+ tSls nks"k mRiUu gksrs gSaA ,;j lhtfuax] LVhe lhtfuax vkSj lksyj Hkëk lhtfuax ds fofHkUu rjhdksa dk çfrfuf/kRo djus okys dbZ e‚My çn'kZu ij gSaA

cM+s iSekus ij Vªl ds fy, y?kq vk;keh y; dk mi;ksx djus okyh fVEcj bathfu;fjax rduhdksa dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA dSfcusV fMtkbfuax dk çn'kZu vyx&vyx le; vkSj fofHkUu iSVuZ dk mi;ksx djds fd;k tkrk gSA gkykafd] vkd"kZ.k dk dsaæ 704 lky iqjkus nsonkj ¼lsMjl nsoM+k½ isM+ dk ,d vuqçLFk [kaM gS] tks 1919 esa ;wih dh igkfM+;ksa ls fxj x;k FkkA okf"kZd oy; i<+us ls çk—frd vkSj tyok;q laca/kh ?kVukvksa dk Li"V irk yxk;k tk ldrk gSA dqrqc ehukj ds fuekZ.k dh rkjh[k ls ysdj tfy;kaokyk ckx dh ?kVuk ds ckn ls 'kq: gq, Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dk çn'kZu bl çn'kZuh dks cgqr jkspd cukrk gSA çnf'kZr ,d vU; [kaM 330 lky iqjkuh lkxkSu ¼VsDVksuk xzSafMl½ gSA v[kjksV vkSj iMqd ¼rus ij mxus okys uewus½ Hkh C;kt dh oLrq,a gSaA

IykbZoqM] VqdM+s VqdM+s esa ydM+h] ydM+h dh ydM+h] ckal cksMZ vkSj Mk;ij ds yksdfç; vkSj lLrh mi;ksx çnf'kZr fd, tkrs gSa vkSj QuhZpj vkSj vU; ys[kksa ds fy, ckal vkSj ydM+h ds fLçaXl çnf'kZr fd, tkrs gSaA fofHkUu le; ds mi;ksxksa ds fy, vyx&vyx le; ds rqyukRed ;kaf=d xq.kksa dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA 'kh'ke] 'kh'ke vkSj vaMeku iMqd ls cuk ,d canwd xkM+h dk ifg;k gSA

Entomology Museum

 

bl laxzgky; esa yxHkx 3]000 çn'kZu dhVksa ds fofHkUu pj.kksa dk çfrfuf/kRo djrs gSa vkSj cht] jksikbZ] [kM+s isM+] fxjs gq, ydM+h] ckal vkSj rS;kj mRiknksa ds dkj.k mUgsa gksus okys uqdlku dh ç—fr gSA ikS/kksa dh mRifÙk ds vuqlkj çn'kZuh dks o.kkZuqØe esa O;ofLFkr fd;k tkrk gSA lSy gkVZ&oqM cksjj] Vhd fMQksfy,Vj] esfy;klh 'kwV cksjj] i‚iyj fM¶ysVj] MsvksMj fMQksfy,Vj] fllks fMQksfy,Vj] ckcqy LVse vkSj :V cksjj tSls egRoiw.kZ okfudh dhV] muds tho foKku] thou ds bfrgkl vkSj {kfr dh ç—fr dks fu;af=r djus ds rjhdksa ds lkFk fpf=r fd;k x;k gSA A

thou bfrgkl vkSj muds fu;a=.k dk fp=.k ,d cgqr gh f'k{kkçn VqdM+k gSA fofHkUu okf.kfT;d le;&lkjf.k;ksa dks mudh nhed çfrjks/k laifÙk ds vuqlkj oxhZ—r fd;k x;k gSA

Pathology Museum

 

ou iSFkksy‚th laxzgky; esa fofHkUu vkfFkZd :i ls egRoiw.kZ isM+ jksxksa vkSj ydM+h ds inksaZ ds 900 çn'kZu gSaA nks O;kid estcku lewgksa ds vk/kkj ij çn'kZu dh O;oLFkk dh tkrh gS] –<+ ydM+h vkSj 'kadq/kkjhA bu ikS/kksa dks tM+ ls çHkkfor jksx] ruk jksx vkSj i.kZ jksx ds vuqlkj foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gSA f[kj] ly] lkxkSu vkSj nsoj esa fny ds lM+us vkSj f[kj esa tM+&lM+u] lyk vkSj phM+ tSls egRoiw.kZ o`{k jksxksa dks çnf'kZr fd;k x;k gSA lw{e thoksa ds dkj.k ydM+h vkSj bekjrh ydM+h ds mRiknksa dk uohuhdj.k Hkh çnf'kZr gksrk gSA

fo'ks"k :i ls ikbal esa isM+ dh o`f) dks LFkkfir djus vkSj c<+kok nsus ds fy, mycorrhiza ds :i esa dod dh ykHkdkjh Hkwfedk vkSj Hkkstu ds lzksr ds :i esa dod ds ewY; Hkh çnf'kZr fd, tkrs gSaA

NWFP Museum

bl laxzgky; dk ,d çn'kZu ikjaifjd jky nksgu rduhd vkSj jky nksgu ds fy, uo fodflr jsy fof/k ds chp rqyuk dks n'kkZrk gSA rkjihu ds rsy vkSj jflu ds uewus] vkSj gekjs ns'k esa ik, tkus okys ckal dh fofHkUu çtkfr;ka ,d vuwBk laxzg cukrh gSaA çn'kZuksa esa [kuu ou mRiknksa ds uewus Hkh 'kkfey gSa tSls dRFkk] dPN] ykd mRikn] vko';d rsy] [kk| mRikn] olk;qä rsy] elkys] MªXl] VSu] elwM+s] vkfnA ogk¡ ykBh] MaMksa] [ksy ds lkeku] dkxt] fn[kkrs gq, çn'kZu gksrs gSaA eSp] Vksdjh] vkSj ?kkl] iÙks] lksrk] vkfnA

Silviculture Museum

17 fnlacj dks M‚- ,llh xjksyk] egkfuns'kd¼vkbZ-lh-,Q-vkj-bZ-½ vkSj egkfuns'kd M‚- lfork ,oa M‚- ,llh xjksyk dh ekStwnxh esa ou vuqla/kku laLFkku] nsgjknwu vkSj ou vuqla/kku ds egkfuns'kd] rFkk  lh-lh- ds egkfuns'kd fl)ukFk nkl us ou vuqla/kku laLFkku ds iqufuZfeZr flfYodYpj laxzgky; xSyjh dk mn~?kkVu fd;kA 2018 esa laxzgky; xSyjh ds uohdj.k vkSj vk/kqfudhdj.k dk;Z dks laL—fr ea=ky;] Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk foÙk iksf"kr fd;k x;k gSA

ou vuqla/kku laLFkku] nsgjknwu dh flfYodYpj E;wft;e xSyjh] nsgjknwu ds ou] ou mRifÙk vkSj fodkl] [krjksa ls taxyksa vkSj m".kdfVca/kh; vkSj le'khrks".k {ks=] flfYodYpj flLVe] ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= lsok vkSj lrr ou çca/ku ds ouksa dk fp=.k djus okys fofHkUu Mk;ksjekvksa dk voyksdu çLrqr djrk gSA ;g okfudh dk;Z vkSj lapkyu ij fofHkUu e‚Myksa ds lkFk cht] tM+] Nky vkfn ds fofHkUu uewuksa dks Hkh çnf'kZr djrk gSA

flfYodYpj E;wft;e xSyjh Hkkjr esa ouksa ds fodkl] ouksa ds egRo] ouksa dh dVkbZ] ouksa dh dVkbZ] ouksa dh dVkbZ] ouksa dh dVkbZ] [krjs esa Mkyus okyh [ksrh] vkØked ikS/kksa] çfrdwy tyok;q dkjdksa] dhVksa vkSj jksxksa dks jpukRed :i ls fMtkbu fd, x, lwpukRed iSuyksa ds ek/;e ls fn[kkrh gSA ;g laxfBr ou çca/ku ds fy, dk;Z ;kstukvksa dh rS;kjh vkSj dk;kZUo;u ds lkFk&lkFk okfudh esa çkIr miyfC/k;ksa ij Hkh çdk'k Mkyrk gSA

ou vuqla/kku laLFkku dk Hkze.k djus ds mijkar yxHkx 2%30 cts lHkh yksx jk"Vªh; –f"V fnO;kaxtu l'kfädj.k laLFkku nsgjknwu ds fy, jokuk gq, yxHkx 3%15 esa jk"Vªh; –f"V fnO;kaxtu l'kfädj.k laLFkku nsgjknwu igqap x, ogka igqapus ds mijkar loZçFke gekjh eqykdkr czsy fyfi ds iqLrdky; ds funsZ'kd Jh lrh'k th ls gqbZA

National Institute for the Visually Handicapped (NIVH)

us”kuy baLVhVîwV v‚Q fotqvyh gSaMhdSIM ¼NIVH½ elwjh&nsgjknwu gkbZos ij yxHkx 43 ,dM+ {ks= esa fLFkr gSA ;g lkekftd U;k; vkSj vf/kdkfjrk ea=ky;] Hkkjr ljdkj ds v/khu ,d Lok;Ùk fudk; gSA laLFkku us=ghuksa ds fy, çf'k{k.k dsaæ gSA ;g us=ghu fodykaxksa ds fy, czsy lkfgR;] ,M~l vkSj midj.kksa ds mRiknu esa Hkh layXu gSA lkekftd U;k; vkSj vf/kdkfjrk ea=ky; ds ç'kklfud fu;a=.k ds rgr lkslk;Vh iathdj.k vf/kfu;e] 1860 ds rgr 1982 esa bls lkslk;Vh ds :i esa iath—r fd;k x;k FkkA

ns'k ds nf{k.kh jkT;ksa esa iquokZl lsok,a çnku djus ds fy, laLFkku dk psUubZ esa viuk {ks=h; dsaæ gSA ;g NIVH ds lkFk leewY; ij O;kolkf;d çf'k{k.k çnku djrk gSA ;g vius leqnk; vk/kkfjr iquokZl xfrfof/k;ksa ds ek/;e ls xzkeh.k vk/kkfjr us=ghuksa dks iquokZl lsok,a Hkh çnku djrk gSA

irk% us'kuy baLVhVîwV Q‚j n fotqvyh gSafMdSIM] 116 jktiqj jksM] nsgjknwu & 248001] mÙkjk[kaM] HkkjrA

Department of Special Education and Research

laLFkku dh ekuo lalk/ku fodkl xfrfof/k;ksa esa fMxzh] fMIyksek vkSj lfVZfQdsV Lrj ds ikBîØe fo'ks"k f'k{kk] vksfj,aVs'ku vkSj eksfcfyVh] QhYM QaD'kujht] lfoZl çksokbMlZ] i‚fylh esdlZ vkSj –f"Vckf/kr cPpksa ds ekrk&firk 'kkfey gSaA buesa ls dqN ikBîØe laLFkku ds eq[;ky;] {ks=h; dsaæ] psUubZ vkSj lhvkjlh] lqanjuxj esa lapkfyr fd, tk jgs gSa tcfd vU; jkT; ljdkjksa vkSj çfrf"Br xSj ljdkjh laxBuksa ds lg;ksx ls lapkfyr fd, tk jgs gSaA

baLVhVîwV v‚Q Lis'ky ,tqds'ku vdknfed mR—"Vrk dk ,d pednkj mnkgj.k gS] blds iwoZ Nk= ns'k ds yackbZ vkSj pkSM+kbZ esa –f"Vghu Ldwyh cPpksa vkSj çf'k{kq f'k{kdksa dks lsok,a ns jgs gSaA ;g ns'k ds çeq[k fo'ofo|ky;ksa dh lsok dj jgs gSa vkSj vuqla/kku dks c<+kok nsus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk jgs gSa fo'ks"k f'k{kk ds fofHkUu igyqvksa esaA viuh LFkkiuk ¼1984½ ds ckn ls] foHkkx us 6]500 f'k{kdksa vkSj 402 eksfcfyVh baLVªDVjksa dk ;ksxnku fn;k gS] ftlesa fufgr gSA

ftUgksaus  cgqr gh de le; esa gesa  vf/kd ls vf/kd  tkudkjh çnku djus dh dksf'k'k dh | lrh'k lj us crk;k fd ;g iqLrdky; ,f'k;k dk lcls cM+k czsy fyfi dk iqLrdky; gS ;gka ij  Hkkjr esa cksyh tkus okyh yxHkx lHkh Hkk"kkvksa esa  rd miyC/k gS Hkkjr dh fdlh Hkh dksus esa ;fn –f"Vckf/kr Nk= fdrkcsa i<+uk pkgs rks gekjs laLFkku ls laidZ dj ldrs gSaA gekjs laLFkku dk iqLrdky; fu%'kqYd iqLrdsa Mkd ds }kjk ml Nk= rd igqapkrk gS vkSj i<+us esa mldh enn djrk gS ;gka ij czsy fyfi dh iqLrdsa okf'kaxVu ls Hkh vkrh gSA iwjs ns'k esa 105 czsy fyfi ds iqLrdky; gSaA bl laLFkku ds dbZ d‚yst gSa tks fd dSail esa gh gSa ,d Ldwy ,d d{kk 1 ls ckjgoha rd gSA cPpksa dks g‚LVy dh lqfo/kk gSA iqLrdky; dks lapkfyr djus ds fy, 200 ls Åij deZpkjh gSaA iqLrdky; esa 1700 'kh"kZd dh  iqLrdsa miyC/k gSaA iwjs Hkkjr esa czsy fyfi i<+kus okys 10000 v/;kid gSaA iqLrdky; ds ckjs esa tkudkjh çkIr djus ds ckn lHkh yksxksa us dksYMfMªad fi;k vkSj fcfLdVl [kk,A dksYMfMªad vkSj fcfLdV dh O;oLFkk lrh'k lj us fd;kA fdrkcsa Øec) rjhds ls Hkk"kkokj yxh FkhaA lrh'k lj dk O;ogkj cgqr vPNk yxkA lrh'k lj us ogka dk iwjk f'k{kk foHkkx dk Hkze.k djk;kA lrh'k lj us ,d eSe th ls eqykdkr djkbZ tks fd f'k{kk foHkkx esa –f"Vghu Nk=ksa dks i<+kus dk dk;Z djrh gSaA eSe th us ,d vkSj eSe ls eqykdkr djk;h rFkk ,d lj ls Hkh eqykdkr djk;h tks fd rhuksa yksx feydj f'k{kk foHkkx esa v‚fM;ks fjd‚fMaZx ,oa mldk çlkj.k djrs gSaA f'k{kk foHkkx ds ,d çksQslj th us crk;k fd gekjk ,d nwjn'kZu pkSuy Hkh gS ftldh jsat 5 fdyksehVj gSA pSuy dk uke 91-2 ,Q-,e- gSA çksxzke dk uke ,d nqfu;k vusd vkokt gSA

iqLrdky; dk Hkze.k djkus ds ckn lrh'k lj us ge yksxksa dh eqykdkr f'k{kk foHkkx ds foHkkxk/;{k dey ohj flag lj ls djokbZA ftUgksaus f'k{kk foHkkx ds varxZr 4 dkslksaZ ds ckjs esa crk;kA

1.    Diploma in special education 2 year

2.    B.Ed 2 year

3.    M.Ed  2 year

4.    Pgdrpp (psychology)

iwjs Hkkjr ns'k Hkj esa bu pkjksa dkslksaZ dh ijh{kk dk vk;kstu ;gh laLFkku djrh gSA vHkh rhu dkslksaZ esa djhc 100 fo|kFkhZ v/;;ujr gSaA ih-th-Mh-vkj-ih-ih- dks tksM+dj yxHkx 125 fo|kFkhZ v/;;ujr gSA –f"Vckf/kr cPpksa dks fdl rjg ls i<+k;k tkuk pkfg, bldh iwjh Vªsfuax ;gh laLFkku nsrh gS |  vHkh orZeku le; esa bl laLFkku esa 8 v/;kid gSaA dqN v/;kid dkaVªSDV esa ls tkrs gSa rFkk dqN xsLV QSflfyVh Hkh vkrh gSA foHkkxk/;{k egksn; us dbZ lkjh egRoiw.kZ tkudkfj;ka  nha&tSls czsy fyfi dh [kkst yqbl czsy us fd;k FkkA czsy fyfi ds fy[kus dh 'kq#vkr 6 fcanqvksa ls gksrh gSA foHkkxk/;{k egksn; us czsy fyfi fy[kus okyh LysV vkSj isu dk ç;ksx djds czsy fyfi esa fy[kus dk rjhdk Hkh crk;kA dey th lj us crk;k fd gekjs laLFkku ds dSail esa ulZjh ls ckjgoha rd ,d Ldwy gS ftlesa ge yksx igys czsy fyfi i<+uk fy[kuk fl[kkrs gSa fQj nwljs fo’k; Hkh lhch,lbZ ds iSVuZ ds vuqlkj i<+krs gSaA  czsy fyfi dk çsl Hkh gS ftlesa dbZ lkjh fdrkcsa czsy fyfi esa Nkih tkrh gSa vkSj iwjs ns'k esa igqapkbZ tkrh gSaA ;g laLFkku Hkkjr dk lcls iqjkuk laLFkk esa 1943 ls dk;Zjr gSA foHkkx v/;{k egksn; ds ckn ,d okfdax fLVªDV Fkh ftlds ckjs esa lj us crk;k fd blesa ,d lsalj yxk gksrk gS ;g  lsalj vkus okyh ck/kkvksa dks igpku dj daiu djus yxrk gSA ;g fLVd vkbZ-vkbZ-Vh- okys LVwMsaV~l us cukbZ gSA gekjh laLFkku esa lkekU; fLVd cukrh gSA foHkkxk/;{k egksn; us crk;k fd orZeku vk/kqfud le; esa czsy fyfi ds fofHkUu l‚¶Vos;j vk x, gSa ftlls ge daI;wVj esa baLV‚ys'ku djus ds ckn czsy fyfi fy[k ldrs gSa | lj us crk;k fd bl laLFkku dk mís'k vuqla/kku dk;Z djus ds lkFk&lkFk –f"V ckf/kr yksxksa dks jkstxkj miyC/k djkuk Hkh gSA orZeku le; esa bl laLFkku dk dk;Z uksV igpkuus okyh fMokbl dks ysdj py jgk gSA le; le; czsy fyfi i<+dj fn[kkbZ vkSj cSdqaB lj ls ifjp; djok;k tks y[kuÅ ds jgus okys gSaA cSdqaB lj us xSysDlh j7 Qksu dks pyk dj fn[kk;k vkSj Hkh dbZ egRoiw.kZ tkudkfj;ka nh ftuls ge yksx igys vufHkK FksA

,u-vkbZ-ch-,p- dk fuekZ.k djus ds mijkar lgL=/kkjk dk Hkze.k djus ds fy, fudys ysfdu ekSle ds [kjkc gksus ls rFkk vf/kd ckfj'k gksus ds dkj.k lgL=/kkjk dk Hkze.k ugha dj ik,A 1 ?kaVs ckfj'k dk bartkj djus ds ckn gfj}kj ds fy, çLFkku fd;kA yksx djhc 9%15 cts gfj}kj Jhegk”kfDr pSjsfVcy VªLV ¼/keZ'kkyk½ igqaps vk/ks ?kaVs ds vanj lHkh Ýs'k gksdj —".kk <kck esa [kkuk [kk;k ftldk iwjk iSlk gekjs foHkkx v/;{k egksn; M‚DVj equs'k dqekj th us fn;kA

fnukad 19&6&2019 dk fooj.k

fnukad 19&6&2019 dks çkr% 6%0 cts rS;kj gksdj loZçFke /keZ”kkyk ds ckgj tkdj pk; dh nqdku ij lqcg dk uk'rk fd;kA fQj iSny nso laL—fr fo'ofo|ky; gfj}kj x;sA  

nso laL—fr fo'ofo|ky;

nso laL—fr fo'ofo|ky; gfj}kj esa fLFkr gSA bl laLFkku dh LFkkiuk xk;=h ifjokj ds fir`iq#"k iafMr Jhjke 'kekZ vkpk;Z }kjk 11 vçSy 2002 esa dh x;hA ogk¡ ge lHkh Nk= f'k{kk'kkL= foHkkx dh foHkkxk/;{k M‚ eerk vjksM+k th ls feysA ftUgksus fo'ofo|ky; ds dbZ u;s Lo#iksa ls ifjfpr djk;k ftlds }kjk Nk=ksa dks LoyEch o vkRefuHkZj cuus dk ekSdk çkIr gksrk gS mUgksus lHkh Nk=ksa dks xkS'kkyk] gFkdj?kk] l`tuk vkfn dbZ ,sls fØ;kvksa ls ifjfpr djk;k ftues Jedk;Z djds Nk= viuk [kpZ Lo;a fudky ysrs gSA ogk¡ ij Nk=ksa }kjk csdkj dpjs dks iqu% ç;ksx djds gSaMesM isij cukuk] l`tukRed phtksa dks cukuk tSls diMs dk FkSyk cukuk] ilZ cukuk] ¶y‚oj osl cukuk] xqfM+;k cukuk] iRFkjksa dks jaxuk o mUgs lqUnj o vkd"kZd cukuk vkfn çeq[k FksA xzkeksa o —f"k dk;Z ls Nk= nwj gksrs tk jgs gS bls /;ku j[krs gq;s fo'ofo|ky; }kjk dbZ ,sls [kk| inkFkksaZ dks Nk=ksa dks fufeZr djuk fl[kk;k tkrk gS ftudh xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa vklkuh ls —f"k dh tk ldrh gS o muls dekbZ dh tk ldrh gS tSls vke vkpkj] pVuh] eqjCck] vkoayk twl] pwju ikmMj vkfnA Nk=ksa dks xkS'kkyk esa Hkh dk;Z djuk fl[kk;k tkrk gSA tgka cSy] xk;] HkSal vkfn i'kqvksa dk xkscj fdl çdkj iqu% ç;ksx esa ykuk gS\ mudh lkQ&lQkbZ ns[kHkky fdl çdkj djuk gS\ fl[kk;k tkrk gSA Nk=ksa us ogk¡ ij e'khuksa ls diM+s dh cqukbZ Hkh ns[kh ftls ogka i<+us okys Nk= Hkh dj jgs Fks o vius dk;Z ds cnys mUgs Je dk ewY; Hkh fn;k tk jgk FkkA

nso laL—fr fo'ofo|ky; ,d futh fo'ofo|ky; gS tksfd fo'ofo|ky; vuqnku vk;ksx }kjk ekU;rk çkIr] jk"Vªh; ewY;kadu ,oa çR;k;u ifj"kn }kjk çR;kf;r ,oa vkbZ,lvks 9001:2015 }kjk çekf.kr gSA bldh LFkkiuk 2002 esa gq;h FkhA vf[ky fo'o xk;=h ifjokj ds çeq[k ,oa czãopZl 'kks/k laLFkku ds funs'kd] M‚- ç.ko iaM;k bl fo'ofo|ky; ds dqykf/kifr gSaA bl laLFkku dk mís'; gS fd jk"Vª ds ;qokvksa dks fu[kkj&laokj dj Js"Bre ukxfjd] lefiZr Lo;alsod] ç[kj jk"VªHkä ,oa fo"k;&fo'ks"kK cukus ds lkFk&lkFk egkekuo vkSj nsoekuo cukuk gS] ftlls euq"; esa nsoRo mrjs vkSj /kjrh ij LoxZ ds vorj.k dk LoIu lkdkj gks ldsA

'kkafr dqat vkJe

;g vkJe O;fäRo x<+us dh ikB”kkyk gSA tkfr] laçnk;] /keZ] iaFk vkfn ladh.kZrkvksa ls Åij mBdj yksxks dks ;g thou thus dh dyk fl[kkrk gSA 'kkfUrdqUt çkphu Hkkjrh; ijaijk ds vuq#i la;qä ifjokjksa ds çpyu dks çksRlkfgr djus okyk vkn'kZ dsUæ gSA ;g fo'kky vkJe Lo;alsok ls gh lapkfyr gS ;gka ;ksX;rk ds vuqlkj dk;Z vkSj vko';drk ds vuqlkj lk/ku ;gk¡ jgus okys ifjokjtuksa dks miyC/k djk;s tkrs gSA ;gka ij uk'rk o [kkus dks Lo;a deZpkfj;ksa }kjk cuk;k tkrk gS ftlesa fd uk'rs ds fy;s çR;sd dkmUVj ij mlds ewY; dh lwph cuk;h x;h gS mlds vuqlkj lHkh Nk=ksa us vius bPNkuqlkj uk'rk [kjhnk o [kk;k [kkus ds fy;s 'kkafrdqat vkJe esa fu%'kqYd O;oLFkk Fkh tgka gtkjksa yksx çR;sd fnu fcuk 'kqYd fn;s [kkuk [kkrs gSA

fo|kFkhZ leh{kk

gfj}kj] _f"kds'k] nsgjknwu dk 'kSf{kd Hkze.k esjs fy;s ,d lq[kn vuqHko jgk ;gka ij fofHkUu laL—fr;ksa] ijaijkvks] yksxksa ls feyus dk volj çkIr gqvk vius fe=x.kksa ds lkFk ,slk le; O;rhr djus dks feyk tc dksbZ ekufld v'kkafr ugh Fkh] eSus muls Vhe odZ djuk lh[kk vkSj Lo;a dks lek;ksftr djuk lh[kk] lHkh lkFk esa çlUu FksA v/;kidx.kksa dh Hkh dbZ u;h fo'ks"krkvksa ls ifjfpr gksus dk Hkh volj feyk tks geus vHkh rd d{kkd{k esa dHkh Hkh ugh ns[kh Fkh mudk O;ogkj] ns[kHkky ekrk&firk  rqY; FkkA bl 'kSf{kd Hkze.k ls çkIr fd;s x;s vuqHko o lHkh vewY; ;knsa thou Hkj esjs lkFk jgsaxhA

1st Chapter BACKGROUND OF PROBLEM

izFke v/;k;

leL;k dh i`’BHkwfe

1-1 izLrkouk

     vk/kqfud Hkkjr esa f'k{kk dk Lo:i fujarj ifj"—r ,oa ifjekftZr gksrk tk jgk gS orZeku f'k{kk dk Lo:i çkphu f'k{kk dh rqyuk ls fcYdqy fHkUu gSA çkphu dky esa f'k{kk v/;kid dsafær çfØ;k Fkh ijarq orZeku esa Nk= dsafær çfØ;k gS orZeku f'k{kk çfØ;k ds çeq[k rhu vax gS f'k{kd] f'k{kkFkZZhZ o ikBîØe ftleas f'k{kkFkZZhZ çeq[k] f'k{kd xkSM vkSj ikBîØe lgk;d rRo gS f'k{kk dk vFkZ Li"V djrs gq, vjLrw egksn; us dgk gS fd f'k{kk dh tM+sa dM+oh gSa ijUrq Qy cgqr gh ehBs gSa+A[1]

      f'k{kk çfØ;k Nk= dsafær gS ftldk çHkko f'k{kk dh laiw.kZ çfØ;k ij ns[kus dks feyrk gSA ikBîØe dh lHkh f'k{k.k&fof/k;k¡] çfof/k;k¡ ,oa f'k{kk ds lHkh Lrj Nk= ds vuq:i j[ks tkrs gSa D;ksafd orZeku esa ,slk eku fy;k x;k gS fd f'k{kk Nk= ds fy, gS u fd Nk= f'k{kk ds fy,A çR;sd v/;kid dh gkfnZd bPNk gksrh gS fd mldk f'k{k.k dk;Z çHkko iw.kZ gks vkSj ckyd esa l`tukRedrk dk fodkl dj lds rFkk mlds vftZr Kku dks O;ogkfjd Kku esa ifjofrZr dj lds D;ksafd ckyd fØ;k'khy gksrs gSa og viuh Kkusafæ;ksa ds vk/kkj ij vf/kd lh[kus esa vkuan dh vuqHkwfr djrs gSaA vius thou ls lacaf/kr oLrqvksa dk Kku çkIr djuk ckydksa dh LokHkkfod :fp gksrh gS] vr% ikBîoLrq esa thou ls lacaf/kr rF;ksa dks 'kkfey djuk pkfg,A

      euksoSKkfudksa dk ekuuk gS fd çR;sd Nk= dh euksn'kk fHkUu&fHkUu gksrh gSa ftlds dkj.k fofHkUu çdkj ds f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa dh vko';drk iM+rh gSA

;fn Nk= ds Lrj ds vuqlkj f'k{k.k&fof/k;ksa dk ç;ksx fd;k tk, rks Nk= dk lokaZxh.k fodkl laHko gks ldrk gSA Ákphu le; esa f“k{k.k dk;Z xq:dqyksa esa fd;k tkrk Fkk ml le; f”k{k.k dk;Z ds fy;s fofHkUu fof/k;ksa dk Á;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA tSls mins'k fof/k] vuqdj.k fof/k] daBLFk fof/k] –"Vkar fof/k] ç'uksÙkj fof/k rFkk okn&fookn fof/k] Jo.k ,oa fufn/;klu fof/k] Lok/;k; fof/k] çn'kZu fof/k rFkk vH;kl fof/k vkfn fofHkUu çdkj dh fof/k;ksa dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk FkkA

bu fof/k;ksa esa ls dqN fof/k;k¡ orZeku esa Hkh ç;ksx esa ykbZ tkrh gSaA ukscsy iqjLdkj fotsrk xq# johaæukFk Bkdqj th us Hkh fofHkUu f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa tSls ekSf[kd fof/k] Lok/;k; fof/k] fo'ys"k.k ,oa la'ys"k.k fof/k] ç;ksx fofËk ,oa fdz;k fof/k ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k gSA[2]

     ik'pkR; f'k{kkfonksa us Hkh fofHkUu çdkj dh f'k{k.k&fof/k;ksa ds ç;ksx ij cy fn;k gS tSls t‚u Mhoh ds vuqlkj djds lh[kuk] vuqHko }kjk lh[kuk rFkk :lks ds vuqlkj voyksdu fof/k] vUos"k.k fof/k o çR;{k fof/k vkfn }kjk lh[kukA vr% ge ;g Li"V :i ls dg ldrs fd lalkj ds lHkh ns'kksa esa 'kS{kf.kd dk;Z dks çkjaHk djus ds fy, fdlh u fdlh çdkj dh 'kS{kf.kd fof/k;ksa dk ç;ksx vo'; fd;k tkrk gSA³

     çkphu dky esa f'k{kk dk vkjaHk miu;u laLdkj ls gksrk Fkk çk;% 8 o"kZ ls 12 o"kZ ds chp ds ckydksa dk miu;u laLdkj gksrk FkkA blds ckn ckyd dks eqaMu ds ckn dksihu /kkj.k djuk iM+rk Fkk fQj gou djus ds ckn xq# ds ikl i<+us ds fy, Hkstk tkrk Fkk tgk¡ xq# ds }kjk fofHkUu fof/k;ksa&izfof/k;ksa ds ek/;e ls f'k{kk vkjEHk dh tkrh Fkh xq# vkJe esa vfookfgr ckyd gh ços'k dj ikrs Fks vkSj laiw.kZ v/;;u dky esa czãp;Z dk ikyu djrs gq, fo|k v/;;u djrs FksA

     oSfnd ;qx esa xq# dk egRo vR;f/kd Fkk dBksifu"kn vkSj NkanksX;ksifu"kn esa xq# dk LFkku loksZifj crk;k x;k gS xq# loZ –"Vk ,oa czãKkuh gksrs Fks xq# dk vkpj.k ifo= vkSj mnkj gksrk FkkA lekt esa xq# dk LFkku usrk iFk çn'kZd fuekZ.k drkZ vkSj çsjd dk Fkk bruk gh ugha lekt esa xq#] czã ds leku le>k tkrk Fkk ckyd xq# ds lkfu/; esa gh jgdj thou mi;ksxh Kku dks xzg.k djrk FkkA ckyd dk lokaZxh.k fodkl djuk gh xq# dk eq[; mís'; gksrk Fkk tSls /kkfeZd ç'uksa ij okn&fookn ds fy, fo}kuksa dh cSBd gksrh Fkh ftlesa leL;kvksa dk lek/kku ç'uksÙkj fof/k ds :i esa gksrk Fkk ftlls fd ckyd ds vanj /kkfeZdrk rFkk okn&fookn djus dh {kerk fodflr gks ldsA

     çkphu dkyhu f'k{kk eq[;r% ekSf[kd Fkh xq# ls lqus ikBdksa dk Nk= iqukZo`fÙk djrs Fks vkSj mUgsa daBkxz dj ysrs Fks blls fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks daBkxz djus dh 'kfä rFkk Lej.k “kfDr dk fodkl gksrk Fkk ,oa mPpkj.k dh 'kq)rk ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k tkrk FkkA xq# ds mPpkj.k dks lqu dj fo|kFkhZ vius mPpkj.k dks lq/kkj ysrs FksA xq# vius Nk=ksa dh =qfV;ksa esa lq/kkj ds fy, Nk=ksa ds egRoiw.kZ ikB dh ekSf[kd ijh{kk ysrs Fks vkSj ckn esa u, ikB dh 'kq#vkr djrs FksA

     çkphu dky esa f'k{kd dks vR;ar egRoiw.kZ LFkku çkIr Fkk xq# vius Nk=ksa dk fuekZrk gksrk Fkk vkSj Nk= xq# dks viuk Hkxoku ekurs FksA Nk= tc fo|ky; esa vkrs gSa rks og lekt dh lnL;rk ds ;ksx ugha gksrs f'k{kd mUgsa bl ;ksx cukrk gS fd og lekt ds l{ke lnL; gksdj lekt ds fodkl esa ;ksxnku ns ldsaA lekt dks f'k{kd dk —rK gksuk pkfg, çkphu Hkkjr us bl rF; dks le>k Fkk vkSj Lohdkj Hkh fd;k FkkA

     oghs vkt dh f'k{kk] ijh{kk ds Hkkj ls nch gqbZ gS ijh{kk dh çeq[krk ds dkj.k Nk=ksa dk lkjk /;ku lh[kus esa vf/kd ugha cfYd ijh{kk esa vad ykus ij gSA QyLo:i ijh{kk esa pksjh] ijh{kdksa ds ikl flQkfj'k vkfn dkjxj jkLrs viuk, tkrs gSaA çkphu Hkkjrh; f'k{kk esa dksbZ okf"kZd ijh{kk,a ugha gksrh Fkh vkSj u dksbZ vafre ijh{kkA f'k{kk dh vof/k iwjh gks tkus ij dksbZ mikf/k Hkh ugha nh tkrh Fkh thou esa Nk= viuh ;ksX;rk ls gh eku ikrs Fks mikf/k;ksa ls ughaA vr% Nk= çR;sd dkS'ky esa n{k cuk fn;k tkrk Fkk ysfdu orZeku le; esa ,slk ugha gS Nk= dsoy ,d ;k nks dkS”kyksa esa gh n{k gks ikrs gS ftldk çeq[k dkj.k fo|ky;ksa dk fxjrk Lrj ,oa f'k{kdksa dk [kqn fofHkUu dkS'kyksa esa fuiq.k u gksuk gSA vr% iwoZ çkFkfed Lrj ij ik;k x;k gS fd vf/kdrj f'k{kd vçf'kf{kr gksrs gSa ;k fQj mUgsa ;g irk ugha gksrk fd fdl fof/k }kjk mä Nk=ksa dks f'kf{kr fd;k tk, vr% dqN lhfer fof/k;ksa ds ek/;e ls gh f'k{k.k dk;Z fd;k tkrk gS ftlds ifj.kke Lo#i Nk= fofHkUu fof/k;ksa }kjk çf'kf{kr gksus ls çk;% oafpr jg tkrs gSaA

     fof/k;k¡ çk;% cky ç—fr vkSj ikBî lkexzh ij fuHkZj djrh gSA cky ç—fr esa vkfndky ls vc rd dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gqvk dsoy vk/kqfud euksfoKku esa mldk vf/kdkf/kd mn~?kkVu gqvk gSA fo'ks"k lkexzh Hkh mldh ç—fr ds vuqlkj dbZ oxksaZ esa foHkkftr dh tk ldrh gS vkSj çR;sd oxZ ds v/;kiu ds fy, f”k{k.k fof/k;k¡ çFkd&çFkd fu/kkZfjr dh tk ldrh gSaA dkykarj esa bu fof/k;ksa dh ç—fr esa fofo/khdj.k vko';d gqvk gS fdarq ifjorZu ughaA blfy, ftu çkphu f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa dk bl lEcU/k esa mYys[k fd;k x;k gS muesa vf/kdka'k vkt Hkh f'k{k.k esa ç;qä gksrh gSa Hkys gh muds uke esa ifjorZu D;ksa u gks x;k gksA

     gekjs vkpk;ksaZ us ikBîØe esa lfEefyr fo"k; oLrq dks lqcks/kxzká ,oa vkd"kZd cukus gsrq rnkuq:i gh f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa dk p;u fd;k FkkA rkRdkyhu le; esa v/;kid f'k{k.k dh lQyrk gsrq ekSf[kd fof/k ds lHkh çk:iksa dk ç;ksx djrs FksA vko';drkuqlkj nk'kZfud fo"k;ksa ds dfBu LFkyksa dks Li"V djus ds fy, çk;ksfxd fof/k;ksa dks Hkh viukrs FksA ;g fof/k;k¡ orZeku le; esa çpfyr vusd f'k{kk lw=ksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA rkRdkyhu f'k{k.k çfØ;k esa ekSf[kd ikBîoLrq] O;k[;ku] lacks/k dFkk funsZ'ku] çR;korZu] dFkk ç;kstu rFkk vUos"k.k fof/k ;k ekSf[kd fof/k] çs{k.k fof/k] ç;ksx fof/k] Hkze.k fof/k vkfn çeq[k :i ls viukbZ tkrh FkhA ml le; ds muds fl)kar rFkk O;ogkfjd i{k ls HkyhHkkafr ifjfpr gq, vkpk;Z vko';drkuqlkj d{kk ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqdwy blesa ifjorZu Hkh djrs FksA çkphu dkyhu f'k{kdx.kksa }kjk ç;ksx esa ykbZ xbZ fof/k;ksa dk mfpr mi;ksx djds dfBure ikBî oLrq dks Li"V djus esa lQy gks tkrs FksA ,slk ns[kk x;k gS fd çkphudky esa xq#tu Hkyh&Hkkafr tkurs FksA fd ljy ls dfBu dh vksj] ewrZ ls vewrZ dh vksj] –"Vkar ls lkekUkh;dj.k dh vksj] vKku ls Kku dh vksj] vkfn f'k{k.k lw= gSa ftuls iBu&ikBu ljy ,oa lqxe gks tkrk gSA bUgha vk/kkjHkwr fl)karksa ls f'k{k.k ç.kkfy;k¡ m)`r gqbZ gSaA vkpk;Zx.k ;g Hkh tkurs Fks fd ckydksa esa O;fäxr Hksn gksrs gSa vkSj blhfy, mUgksaus ç;ksx rFkk vUos"k.k fof/k dk vkfo"dkj fd;k FkkA çkphu dky esa çpfyr ijkorZu fof/k] vUos"k.k fof/k] fo'ys"k.k fof/k] O;k[;ku fof/k] lacks/k fof/k] fopkj fof/k] vkxeu ,oa fuxeu fof/k] vkfn vkt Hkh f'k{kk txr esa ;Fkkor pyh vk jghA

f”k{k.k fof/k;ksa ls lEcfU/kr vf/kd tkudkjh ds fy, ge Hkkjrh; n”kZu ,oa ik”pkR; n”kZu dk voyksdu dj ldrs gSA

      mifu"kn vius esa f'k{k.k miØe gh gSaA buesa xq# f'k"; dks Kku ugha ns jgk gS vfirq flQZ xq# ls Kku çkIr dj jgk gS vkSj ftu fof/k;ksa ls og Kku çkIr dj jgk gS mUgsa ge ml dky ds lanHkZ esa mUgs f'k{k.k fof/k;k¡ eku ldrs gSaA mifu"knksa esa ftKklq flQZ xq# ls ç'u djrk gSA muds lEeq[k viuh leL;k j[krk gS vkSj xq# f'k"; ds ç'uksa ds mÙkj nsrk gS mldh leL;kvksa dk lek/kku djrk gSA ;s ml le; dh f'k{k.k fof/k;k¡ FkhA ftls orZeku le; esa leL;k lek/kku fof/k dgrs gSaA

      mifu"knksa ds vuqlkj ,d ç'u dk mÙkj nwljs ç'u dks tUe nsrk gS vkSj bl çdkj ç'u iwNrs&iwNrs vaUr esa blds lkj rRo dk Kku gksrk gSA bls çfrxeu fof/k dgrs gSaA ;g vkt ds vfHkØfer v/;;u ls cM+k esy [kkrh gSA

     mifu"knksa esa xq#vksa us f'k";ksa dks] dFkkvksa dh lgk;rk ls cM+s&cM+s jgL; Li"V fd, gSaA ;g ml le; dh f'k{k.k fof/k dgh tk ldrh gSA vkt Hkh bl f'k{k.k fof/k dk ç;ksx gksrk gSA

     mifu"kndkjksa us f'k";ksa ds ç'uksa ds mÙkj nsus vkSj mudh leL;kvksa ds lek/kku djus ds fy, osn ea=ksa dh O;k[;k çLrqr dh gSA bls Hkh ml dky dh f'k{k.k fof/k ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA

     fopkj&foe'kZ ,oa rdZ fof/k mifu"knksa esa lkewfgd fopkj&foe'kZ ds mnkgj.k Hkh feyrs gSa ge tkurs gSa fd fopkj&foe'kZ esa rdZ dk fo'ks"k egRo gksrk gSA mifu"knksa esa rdZ dks fo'ks"k LFkku fn;k x;k gSA bls Hkh ml le; dh f'k{k.k fof/k ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gSA

     ik”pkR; n”kZu ds vuqlkj vkn'kZokn bl rF; ls ifjfpr gS fd cPpk çkjEHk esa vuqdj.k }kjk lh[krk gSA blfy, os cPpksa ds ekrk&firk ,oa f'k{kdksa ls vis{kk djrs gSa fd og cPpksa ds lEeq[k mPp vkpj.k çLrqr djsaA f'k{kdksa ls ;g Hkh vis{kk djrs gSa fd og cPpksa ds lEeq[k [ksy] fp=dyk o laxhr vkfn ds mR—"V uewus çLrqr djsa ftudk vuqdj.k djds og lh[k ldsaA os f'k{kdksa ls ;g Hkh vis{kk djrs gSa fd os Nk=ksa esa vPNs ls vPNk dj fn[kkus dh çsj.kk ,oa Li/kkZ mRiUu djsaA mlh fLFkfr esa vuqdj.k fof/k }kjk f'k{k.k vfr ykHkdkjh gksrk gSA cPpksa esa ewY;ksa ds fodkl vkSj muds pfj= fuekZ.k ds fy, og cPpksa ds lkeus /keZ xzaFkksa vkSj lkfgR; ds uk;dksa ds pfj= çLrqr djus ij cy nsrs gSaA vkn'kZ okfn;ksa dk fo'okl gS fd euq"; dh ç—fr vPNs cqjs esa Hksn djus dh gksrh gS os bu /khjksnkRr uk;dksa ds xq.kksa dk vuqdj.k dj vPNs euq"; cu ldsaxsA

      vkn'kZoknh ;g ekurs gSa fd ckydksa esa lh[kus dh vkarfjd bPNk gksrh gS og tks dqN lh[krs lqurs vFkok vuqHko djrs gSa mlds ckjs esa Lo;a lkspus yxrs gSaA blds fy, mu ij fdlh okg~; míhiu ds ncko dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gSA bls gh og vkRefdz;k dgrs gSa vkSj bl ckr ij cy nsrs gSa fd ckydksa dks vkRe fØ;k }kjk lh[kus ds vf/kd ls vf/kd volj nsus pkfg;sA

      vkn'kZoknh çkphu lkfgR; dk vknj djrs gSaA os ekurs gSa fd gekjs çkphu lkfgR; esa gekjs iwoZtksa }kjk [kkstk gqvk Kku Hkjk iM+k gS gesa mlls ykHk mBkuk pkfg,A çkphu lkfgR; ds v/;;u ds fy, Lok/;k; fof/k ds i{k/kj gSa ijUrq bl fof/k dk ç;ksx f'k{kk ds mPp Lrj ij gh fd;k tk ldrk gSA

     i'pkr vkn'kZoknh fopkjdksa us vusd f'k{k.k&fof/k;ksa dk fodkl fd;k gSA IysVks ds xq# lqdjkr ç'uksÙkj] okn&fookn vkSj O;k[;ku }kjk ml le; ds ;qodksa esa Kku dk fodkl djrs FksA og fdlh LFkku ij ;qodksa dks ,df=r dj muds lkeus ç'u çLrqr djrs Fks ;qod mu ç'uksa ij fopkj djrs Fks mÙkj nsrs Fks rc os mu ç'uksa ds lUnHkZ esa viuk er Li"V djrs FksA IysVks us lqdjkr dh bl ç'uksÙkj fof/k ds vk/kkj ij laokn fof/k vkSj }ankRed fof/k dk fodkl fd;kA IysVks us viuh vf/kdrj jpuk,a Hkh laoknksa ds :i esa fy[kh gSaA IysVks laokn fo'o fo[;kr gSA

     muds f”k’; vjLrw vkxeu vkSj fuxeu fof/k;ksa ij cy nsrs FksA vkxeu fof/k esa fof'k"V ls lkeku dh vksj pyk tkrk gSA fuxeu fof/k esa lkekU; ls fof'k"V dh vksj pyk tkrk gSA igys os mnkgj.k çLrqr dj lkekU;hdj.k djrs Fks vkSj fQj bl çdkj çkIr fl)kar dk ç;ksx djrs FksA vk/kqfud vkn'kZoknh fopkjdks esa isVªky‚th igys O;fä gSa ftUgksaus f'k{kk çfØ;k dks euksoSKkfud :i çnku fd;kA mUgksaus Li"V fd;k fd ekuo efLr"d esa ekufld fØ;k rhu Lrjksa esa gksrh gSA çFke Lrj ij cPps Kkusafæ;ksa }kjk oLrqvksa dk Li"V Kku çkIr djrs gSaA nwljs Lrj ij bl çdkj çkIr Kku ds vk/kkj ij fofHkUu oLrqvksa esa Hksn djrs gSa vkSj rhljs Lrj ij oLrqvksa ds Li"V laçR;;ksa dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA Kku çkIr djus dh bl fof/k dks mUgksaus vku”kake uke fn;k vkSj bl vk/kkj ij vH;kl ,oa vko`fRr fof/k dk fodkl gqvkA

     isLVksy‚th ds f”k’; gjcVZ us lh[kus dh çfØ;k dk cM+h ckjhdh ls v/;;u fd;kA mUgksaus Li"V fd;k fd lh[kus ds fy, igyh vko';drk gS lh[kus ds fy, lh[kus okys dk rS;kj gksuk] rRij gksuk] fØ;k'khy gksukA gjcVZ ds vuqlkj fØ;k'khy gksus ds fy, efLrd pkj voLFkkvksa ls gksdj xqtjrk gS fujh{k.k] vk'kk] ekax vkSj fØ;k mUgksaus ekufld fØ;k ds bl Øe esa f'k{k.k vf/kxe ds pkj in fuf'pr fd,A Li"Vrk] lEcU/k] O;oLFkk vkSj O;ogkfjd ç;ksxA gjcVZ ds f'k"; us f'k{k.k vf/kxe ds bu pkj inksa dks ik¡p inksa esa cny fn;k rS;kjh] çLrqfr] rqyuk] lkekU;hdj.k vkSj ç;ksxA orZeku esa bu inksa dks gjcVZ dh iapinh ç.kkyh dgrs gSaA

     isLVªky‚th ds ,d vU; f”k’; us Li"V fd;k gS fd cPpksa esa lh[kus dh LoHkkfod ço`fÙk gksrh gSA blfy, lh[kus dh çfØ;k çsfjr vkSj vkRe fu;af=r gksuh pkfg,A mUgksaus Li"V fd;k gS fd ;g nksuksa xq.k [ksy fØ;k esa gksrs gSa blfy, cPpksa dks [ksy }kjk lh[kus ds volj nsus pkfg, mUgksaus bl vk/kkj ij [ksy fof/k dk fodkl fd;kA

     f'k{kk ds {ks= esa ;FkkFkZ okfn;ksa dh lcls cM+h nsu euksoSKkfud f'k{k.k&fof/k;ksa dk fuekZ.k gSA ;g O;ogkjoknh euksfoKku ls çHkkfor gSa vkSj mlds }kjk çfrikfnr lh[kus ds míhiu vuqfØ;k fl)kar esa fo'okl djrs gSaA vkn'kZoknh ;g ekurs gSa fd Kku euq"; ds vanj ls ckgj dh vksj çdV gksrk gSA buds foijhr ;FkkFkZoknh ;g ekurs gSa fd Kku ckgj ls euq"; ds vanj igqaprk gS vkSj ;g Kku mls viuh desaZfæ;ks a,oa Kkusafæ;ksa }kjk çkIr gksrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd ;FkkFkZoknh bafæ;ksa }kjk f'k{kk ij cy nsrs gSa ;g cPpksa ds euksfoKku ls Hkh ifjfpr gSaA blfy, fHkUu&fHkUu vk;q oxZ ds cPpksa ds fy, fHkUu&fHkUu f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa ds ç;ksxksa ij cy nsrs gSaA csdu us foKku f'k{k.k ds fy, vkxeu fof/k dks mi;ksxh crk;k FkkA

jVds vkSj dehfu;l us f'k{k.k ds vusd lw=ksa tSls ekr`Hkk"kk ds ek/;e ls f'k{k.k dk;Z] cPpksa dks Lo;a djds Lo;a ds vuqHko ls lh[kus ds volj nksA ewrZ ls vewrZ dh vksj pyks vkSj fl[kk, gq, Kku vFkok fØ;k dks vko`fÙk }kjk lh[kuk pkfg,

blds vfrfjä f'k{k.k esa –'; JO; lk/kuksa ds egRo dks lcls igys vkn'kZ okfn;ksa us gh le>k vkSj Li"V fd;k FkkA

     f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa ds {ks= esa ik”pkR;okfn;ksa us cM+s Økafrdkjh ifjorZu fd, gSaA bUgksaus iqLrd ç.kkyh vkSj jVus dh fof/k dk dM+k fojks/k fd;k vkSj cPpksa dks Lo;a djds Lo;a ds vuqHko ls lh[kus dk ukjk yxk;kA ;g Kkusfæ;ksa dks Kku dk }kj ekurs gSaA blfy, bUgksaus Kkusafæ;ksa }kjk f'k{kk dks c<+kok fn;kA f'k{k.k dSls fd;k tk, bl lEcU/k esa mUgksaus vusd f'k{k.k lw= ljy ls tfVy dh vksj] Kkr ls vKkr dh vksj] ewrZ ls vewrZ dh vksj vkSj vfuf'pr ls fuf'pr dh vksj vkfn dk fuekZ.k fd;k gSA çd`frokfn;ksa ds f'k{k.k laca/kh bu fl)karksa vkSj lw=ksa ds vk/kkj ij vusd euksoSKkfud f'k{k.k ç.kkfy;ksa dk tUe gqvkA buesa vUos"k.k ç.kkyh] MkYVu ç.kkyh] çR;{k ç.kkyh vkSj fujh{k.k ç.kkyh eq[; gSA

vkt lalkj esa dksbZ fdlh Hkh fopkj/kkjk dks ekuus okyk D;ksa u gks ijUrq f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa ds {ks= esa og çd`froknh f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa dk leFkZu djrk gSA ;fn lp iwNk tk;s rks f'k{kk ds {ks= esa f'k{k.k rduhdh dh 'kq#vkr Hkh çd`frokfn;ksa us gh dh FkhA blfy, f'k{k.k rduhdh us gesa tks dqN fn;k gS mldk mRrjnkf;Ro izd`frokfn;ksa dks tkuuk pkfg,A

fo}kuksa dk ;g ekuuk gS fd vfLrRooknh f'k{k.k dh lqdqjkrh fof/k ds leFkZd gSaA mUgksaus f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa ds ckjs esa cl bruk Hkj dgk gS fd euq"; dks lc dqN vius vuqHko ds vk/kkj ij xzg.k djuk pkfg,A

     f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa ds lEcU/k esa ;FkkFkZoknh vkSj çd`frokfn;ksa us ftu euksoSKkfud rF;ksa dk mn~?kkVu fd;k muesa ç;kstu okfn;ks us lkekftd i;kZoj.k ds egRo dks vkSj tksM+ fn;kA bUgksaus cPpksa dh tUetkr 'kfä;ksa dks igpkuuk muds O;fäxr Hksnksa dk vknj fd;k vkSj Kkusafæ;ksa }kjk lh[kus fl[kkus vkSj vuqHko }kjk lh[kus ij cy fn;kA blds lkFk&lkFk bl ckr ij Hkh cy fn;k fd cPpksa dks tks dqN Hkh fl[kk;k tk, mldk lEcU/k muds okLrfod thou ls gksuk pkfg,A vkSj mUgsa O;ogkfjd fØ;kvksa ds ek/;e ls vuqHko djus ds volj nsus pkfg,A leLr fo"k;ksa ,oa fØ;kvksa dh f'k{kk ,d bdkbZ ds :i esa nsus ij Hkh bUgksaus cy fn;k gSA fl)karksa ij Mhoh egksn; us leL;k lek/kku fof/k vkSj fdyiSfVªd us çkstsDV fof/k dk fuekZ.k fd;kA ekDlZ] oSKkfud fof/k dks lh[kus&fl[kkus dh loksZÙke fof/k ekurs FksA ;gh dkj.k gS fd ekDlZoknh ns'kksa esa f'k{kk ds {ks= esa ç;ksx'kkyk fof/k vkSj dk;Z'kkyk fof/k dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

     ijarq bfrgkl ds v/;;u ,oa f'k{k.k ds fy, ekDlZ us }ankRed fof/k dk leFkZu fd;k gSA mudh –f"V ls ,sfrgkfld rF;ksa dks j[kus ls dksbZ ykHk ugha gksrk ,sfrgkfld rF;ksa dh }ankRed O;k[;k ls gh euq"; u, lekt dk fuekZ.k djus ;ksX; cu ldrk gSaA

ekDlZ dh –f"V ls f'k{k.k fof/k fØ;k dsafær gksuh pkfg, vkSj f'k{kk ,oa mRiknu lkFk&lkFk pyus pkfg,A buds vuqlkj 9 o"kZ ls 12 o"kZ rd ds cPpksa dh f'k{kk esa 2 ?kaVs çfrfnu fdlh O;olkf;d vFkok mRiknu dsaæ ij dk;Z djus dh O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg,A 13 ls 14 o"kZ rd ds cPpksa ds fy, 4 ?kaVs çfr fnu fdlh O;olk; dk vFkok vkS|ksfxd dk;ksaZ esa gkFk cV+kus dh O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg, vkSj 15 ls 17 o"kZ rd ds fd'kksjksa ds fy, 6 ?kaVs çfr fnu fdlh O;olkf;d ,oa vkS|ksfxd dk;ksaZ esa gkFk cV+kus dh O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg,A ;gh dkj.k gS fd lkE;oknh ns'kksa esa f'k{kk ,oa mRiknu dk;Z lkFk&lkFk pyrs gSaA orZeku esa lkE;oknh ns'kksa esa fØ;k çn/kku f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa dk ç;ksx gh fd;k tkrk gSA

     lh[kus ds lEcU/k esa Mhoh us dbZ rF; mtkxj fd,A igyk fd lh[kus ds fy, lkekftd i;kZoj.k vko';d gSA nwljk ;g fd lh[kus dh fØ;k rHkh çkjEHk gksrh gS tc lh[kus okys dh lh[kus esa #fp gksA rhljk ;g fd cPps mlh dks lh[kus esa #fp ysrs gSa ftldk muds okLrfod thou ls lEcU/k gksrk gSA pkSFkk ;g fd dksbZ O;fä rHkh lh[krk gS tc og lh[kus ds fy, fØ;k'khy gks vkSj ikapok¡ ;g fd cPps fdlh Hkh rF; dks lexz :i ls xzg.k djrs gSaA bl –f"V ls Mhoh lcls vf/kd cy lh[kus dh okLrfod ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds fuekZ.k vkSj Lo;a djds Lo;a ds vuqHko ls lh[kus ij cy nsrs FksA budh –f"V ls lh[kus&fl[kkus dh ç;ksx fof/k gh lcls mÙke fof/k gSA blesa cPpksa dks voyksdu fØ;k] vuqHkokRed fu.kZ; vkSj ijh{k.k lHkh ds volj feyrs gSaA

      Mhoh ds mijksä f'k{k.k fl)kar ds vk/kkj ij bUgha ds f'k"; fdyiSfVªd us çkstsDV fof/k dk fuekZ.k fd;kA MkYVu vkfn f'k{k.k dh uohu ç.kkfy;k¡ Hkh Mhoh ds f'k{k.k fl)karksa ij vk/kkfjr gSaA dHkh bu f'k{k.k&fof/k;ksa dh cM+h ppkZ jgh ijUrq vc rks muls Hkh vf/kd çHkko'kkyh f'k{k.k&fof/k;ksa dk fodkl gks pqdk gSA ij lh[kus ds fy, lkekftd i;kZoj.k vFkkZr f'k{kd&f'k{kkFkhZ ds chp var% fØ;k dks lcls vf/kd egRo fn;k x;k gSA jlsy us f'k{k.k ds laca/k esa 7 ckrksa ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k gSA

      Hk;eqä okrkoj.k] lh[kus dh ftKklk] djds lh[kuk] ljy ls dfBu dh vksj pyuk] Lrj vuqdwy f'k{k.k fof/k dk p;u] f'k{k.k lk/kuksa dk ç;ksx vkSj O;fä dfBukb;ksa dk fuokj.kA bl rjg dqy f'k{k.k&fof/k;ksa ds lanHkZ esa bUgksaus f'k'kq Lrj ij ekaVsljh ,oa fdMu xkMZu fof/k;ksa dk leFkZu fd;k gSA cky Lrj ij çR;{k dgkuh] dFku çn'kZu vkSj Lo;a djds Lo;a lh[kus dh fof/k;ksa dk leFkZu fd;k gSA vkSj blls Åij ds Lrjksa ij çR;{k çn'kZu djds lh[kuk O;k[;ku] O;k[;k ,oa Lok/;k; fof/k;ksa ds ç;ksx dk leFkZu fd;k gSA

     Qzsjs us f'k{kdksa ds }kjk Kku ds laçs"k.k ds LFkku ij f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa ds lkekftd var% fØ;k }kjk Lo;a Kku ds fodkl ij cy fn;k gS] ;g fopkj buls igys :lks vkSj t‚u Mhoh O;ä dj pqds Fks vkSj mUgksaus Mhoh ls çHkkfor gksdj gh bl fopkj dks çLrqr fd;k Fkk ijUrq blds lkFk Lok/;k; dks tksM+uk mudh viuh nsu gSA

     ;fn euq"; lc dqN vius ç;Ru vkSj vuqHkoksa }kjk gh lh[krs jgrs rks ge ;g fodkl dSls dj ikrsA fodkl rks iwoZ Kku ds lkFk u, Kku dks tksM+us ls gksrk gSA gekjh –f"V ls f'k{k.k vf/kxe dks dsoy [kkst fof/k rd lhfer djuk ugha lgh gSA blls gesa bruk gh lh[kuk pkfg, fd cPps lh[kus dh fØ;k esa fuf"Ø; Jksrk u cudj jg tk,a cfYd lfØ; :i ls Hkkx ysaA muds }kjk mPp Lrj ij Lok/;k; fof/k dh odkyr djuk ,dne ;qfälaxr gSA Lok/;k; }kjk iwoZ [kksts Kku dk de le; esa Kku fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj Lok/;k; }kjk çkIr Kku LFkkbZ gksrk gSA fuj{kjksa dksa dks lk{kj cukus dh fof/k dk Qzsjs us fodkl fd;k gS mudh bl mi;ksfxrk dks rks iwjs lalkj esa Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA

f'k{k.k ds lanHkZ esa xq#nso johUnzukFk VSxksj çkphu vkSj vokZphu fof/k;ksa ds xq.k nks"k crkus rFkk dqN ewyHkwr fl)karksa tSls& cPpksa dks tcju dqN er fl[kkvks bUgsa okLrfod ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa j[kdj bafæ; vuqHko }kjk lh[kus ds volj çnku djksA ekr`Hkk"kk ds ek/;e ls f'k{k.k djds f'k{k.k fof/k dks #pdj cukvks] lh[kus esa cPpksa dks Lora=rk nks vkSj muds lkFk çse rFkk lgkuqHkwfr iw.kZ O;ogkj ij cy fn;k gSA

xka/kh th us euksfoKku dk v/;;u ugha fd;k Fkk ijUrq f'k{k.k ds laca/k esa buds fopkj iw.kZ :is.k euksoSKkfud gSaA bUgksaus lcls vf/kd cy Lo;a djds Lo;a ds vuqHko ls lh[kus ij fn;k gSA blds lkFk&lkFk nks ckrksa ij vkSj cy fn;k gS igys ;g fd cPpksa dks tks dqN Hkh fl[kk;k tk, mUgsa okLrfod ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa j[kdj fl[kk;k tk,A nwljh ;g fd laiw.kZ Kku ,oa fØ;kvksa dks iw.kZ bdkbZ ds :i esa fl[kk;k tk, vkSj blds fy, mUgksaus lglaca/k fof/k ds ç;ksx ij cy fn;k gSA xka/kh th us çkphu f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa esa vuqdj.k eq[; fØ;k vkSj Jo.k euu fufn|klu dks Hkh dqN bl çdkj ç;ksx djus ij cy fn;k gS fd muesa Nk=ksa dh fØ;k'khyrk fujarj cuh jgsA leLr Kku dks fdlh gLr dkS'ky vFkok çk—frd ;k lkekftd i;kZoj.k dks dsaæ ekudj iwoZ bdkbZ ds :i esa fodflr djus dh ckr dgh gSA

1-2 leL;k dh mRifÙk o ifjp;

      Hkkjr esa f'k{k.k dk;Z dks çkjEHk djus ds fy, fofHkUu çdkj dh f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk Fkk tks vR;ar çHkko iw.kZ gqvk djrh Fkha ;gh dkj.k Fkk fd Hkkjr fdlh le; fo'o xq# gqvk djrk Fkk vkSj ,slh f'k{k.k&fof/k;ksa dk fuekZ.k Hkkjr dh /kjk ij gekjs egku _f"k eqfu;ksa ds }kjk fd;k x;k FkkA çkphu dky dh dqN f'k{k.k&fof/k;ksa dk ifjofrZr :i vkt ge orZeku ds le; esa ns[k ldrs gSa tSls ekSf[kd fof/k] O;k[;ku fof/k] ekSu okpu fof/k vkfnA

     e/; dky ls orZeku dky rd ds v/;;u ls irk pyrk gS fd Hkkjr esa iwoZ izkFkfed f”k{kk visf{kr :Ik ls izxfr djusa esa iw.kZ:is.k vlQy jgh gSA tulk/kkj.k rFkk ljdkj ds vis{kh; O;ogkj ds dkj.k iwoZ izkFkfed f”k{kk dh fLFkfr vlaUrks’kizn FkhA iwoZ izFkfed esa iznku dh tk jgh f”k{kk dh xq.koRrk vR;Ur fuEu Lrj dh gSA orZeku esa cPpksa dks Kku fuekZ.k ds dkS”ky] fodkl esa iks’k.k dh cqfu;knh [kqjkd 2-5 o’kZ ls 5 o’kZ rd feyuh pkfg,A blds vHkko esa ljdkjh Ldwyksa dks le>us esa vMpu vk tkrh gSA f”k{kk ds “kq:vkr dh uhao ls vxj ge lkspuk “kq: dj nsa rks ikrs gS bruk cMk Qklyk reke fLFkfr;ksa ds fu.kkZ;d dkj.k cu tkrk gSA ewy dkj.k dh mis{kk djds leL;k dks le>usa vkSj mlds lek/kku ds fy, gksus okyh reke cglksa o vkykspukvksa dk ,d [kkl ,axy xk;c gks tkrk gSA ftudh otg ls iwoZ izkFkfed f”k{kk okafNr xfr ls izxfr ugha dj jgh gSA vr% ;g leL;k yxkrkj cuh gqbZ gS ftldk fujkdj.k fd;k tkuk vR;Ur vko”;d gSA

1-3 mís'; dh Li"Vrk

Hkkjr o"kZ esa iwoZ çkFkfed Lrj ds f'k{kk ds mís'; Hkh Li"V ugha gS ;gh dkj.k gS dh fHkUu&fHkUu iwoZ çkFkfed Ldwyksa esa fHkUu&fHkUu çdkj dh f'k{kk dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gSA eksVs rkSj ij iwoZ çkFkfed f'k{kk dk mís'; f'k'kqvksa dk 'kkjhfjd] ekufld] lkekftd rFkk laosxkRed fodkl djuk gSA iwoZ çkFkfed f'k{kk dh lQyrk ds fy, mlds mís';ksa o dk;ksaZ dks Li"V <ax ls fu/kkZfjr djuk vR;ar vko';d gSA ÞdksBjh vk;ksxÞ ds vuqlkj bl Lrj dh f'k{kk ds eq[; mís'; 'kkjhfjd vax l¥~pkyu o is'kh; leUo; dk fodkl okrkoj.k cks/k dh {kerk] vkRe vfHkO;fä dh ;ksX;rk LoPNrk dh vknrsa] lkekU; f'k"Vkpkj] ftKklk rFkk uSfrdrk dk fodkl gksuk pkfg,A

1-4 LkeL;k dFku&

ÞiwoZ izkFkfed Lrj ij izpfyr f”k{k.k&fof/k;ksa dk vkykspukRed v/;;uÞ

1-5 pjksa dk ifjHkk’khdj.k

1-5-1 iwoZ izkFkfed Lrj

      iowZ çkFkfed Lrj ls rkRi;Z fo|ky; esa izkFkfed Lrj ls iwoZ dh f”k{kk ls gS] blesa fo|kfFkZ;kas dh vk;q 2+-5 o"kZ ls 5 o"kZ dh gksrh gS ftlesa fo|kfFkZ;ks adks [ksy&fof/k] Hkze.k fof/k] áfwjfLVd fof/k] xk;u fof/k vkfn ds ek/;e ls i<+k;k ;k f'k{k.k dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA lkekU;r% ckyd ;k ckfydk blh vk;q esa gh Li"V :i ls okD; cksy ldrs gS] oLrqvks ds chp LFkwy laca/kks dks le> ldrs gS fy[kus ds midj.kksa dks Bhd <ax ls ç;ksx dj ldrs gS rFkk ekufld dk;ksaZ esa viuk /;ku dsafær dj ldrs gSA

      1-5-2 f”k{k.k fof/k;k¡&

      ftl <ax ls f'k{kd fo|kFkhZ dks Kku çnku djrk gS mls f'k{k.k fof/k dgrs gSaA f'k{k.k fof/k in dk ç;ksx cM+s O;kid vFkZ esa gksrk gSA blds fy, vusd ç.kkfy;k¡ ,oa ;kstuk,¡ lfEefyr dj yh tkrh gS D;ksafd ikBîØe ds foijhr f'k{k.k fof/k;k¡ dky fujis{k gksrh gSA mudk mís'; ikBî lkexzh dk ,slk laçs"k.k djuk gksrk gS ftlls og ckyd ds le> esa vktk,aA fof/k;k¡ çk;% cky ç—fr vkSj ikBî lkexzh ij fuHkZj djrh gSA

1-7 mÌs”;

izLrkfor “kks/k es “kks/kdrkZ }kjk mÌs”;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k x;k gSA

·       iwoZ izFkfed Lrj ij izpfyr f”k{k.k fof/k;ksa dk vkykspukRed v/;;u djukA

·       f”k{k.k fof/k;ksa ds lq/kkj gsrq lq>ko izLrqr djukA

1-8 leL;k dh vo”;drk ,oa egRo

iwoZ çkFkfed Lrj ds fo|kfFk;ks ds efLr’d esa Kku dks Hkjus dk iz;kl fd;k tk jgk gS mUgs jVus ij vf/kd cy fn;k tkrk gS ftlls mudk ekufld fodkl ugha gks ik jgk gS orZeku esa ;g vko';d gks x;k gS fd ckyd dks /;ku esa j[kdj f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tk, ftlls mudk fodkl gks vkSj os vPNh rjg ls lh[k ldsA Hkkjr esa iwoZ izkFkfed Lrj ij dbZ izdkj ds fo|ky; lapkfyr fd;s tk jgs gSA ftudk eq[; mn~ns'; iowZ izkFkfed f'k{kk ds uke ij vf/kdkf/kd /ku vtZu djuk gSA

cPpksa dk loksZRre fodkl dSls gks ml vksj /;ku ugha gSA iwoZ izkFkfed Lrj ftls euksoSKfudksa us vfr egRoi.wkZ dky ekuk gS] vkSj ;g dgk gS fd cPps vius izFke N% o’kkZsa es]a ckn ds 12 o’kkZsa ds nks xquk lh[k ysrs gSA bl fy, iwoZ izkFkfed Lrj ij cPpksa ds f'k{k.k ds fy, izf'k{k.k ;qDr v/;kidks dh vko';drk gS ftUgs mDr voLFkk ds cPpksa dks i<+kus ds fy;s mi;qDr f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa dk leqfpr Kku gksA

,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd gekjs ns'k esa iwoZ izkFkfed Lrj ij dgus ds fy, rks dbZ izdkj dh f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa ij vk/kkfjr fo|ky; gSA ysfdu mDr fo|ky;ksa esa tks i)fr;k¡ ,sls cPpksa ds fy, gksuh pkfg, oks miyC/k ugha gSA ftlds dkj.k bl Lrj ij f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls cPpksa dk iw.kZ fodkl ugha gks ik jgk gS] tc fd bl Lrj ds cPpksas dks mudh :fp] ;ksX;rk ,oa {kerk ds vuqlkj f'k{k.k dks izkFkfedrk nsuk vfr vo';d gS ftlls ;s ukSfugky [ksy&[ksy es af'k{k.k ds lkFk vU; mi;ksxh thou igyqvksa dks lh[k ldsaA

Hkkjr esa iwoZ çkFkfed f'k{kk dh çxfr esa vusd leL;k;a gSA tSls çkFkfed f'k{kk dk egaxk gksuk] Ldwyksa dh vuqiyC/krk] mís';ksa dh vLi"Vrk] nks"kiw.kZ f'k{k.k fof/k;k¡] vuqi;qä ikBîØe] vçf'kf{kr o Lusgfoghu v/;kid] nks"kiw.kZ çca/ku O;oLFkk vkfnA

vr% buesa ls f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa dh nks"kiw.kZ çfØ;k dk Hkh gksuk ,d çeq[k leL;k gS ftldk funku fd;k tkuk vfrvko';d gSA

1-9 ifjlhekdau

IkzLrqr y?kq 'kks/k dks 'kks/kdrkZ us fuEufyf[kr lhekvksa ds vUrZxr lEikfnr fd;k gS&

·       dkuiqj uxj ds dY;k.kiqj Cykd esa fLFkr iwoZ çkFkfed fo|ky;ksa dks 'kks/k dk;Z esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA

·       dkuiqj uxj ds dY;k.kiqj Cykd esa fLFkr iwoZ çkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa vaxzsth ek/;e ds fo|ky;ksa dks 'kks/k dk;Z es a'kkfey fd;k x;k A

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[1] www.ajabgab.com/2014/09/68.quotes-of-aristotle.

2 jke”kdy ik.Ms; ¼2011½] mnh;eku Hkkjrh; lekt ds f'k{kd] vxzoky ifCyds'ku] vkxjk iz’B la0 154&161A

3 izks0 jeu fcgkjh yky ¼2006½] izkFkfed fo|ky; dh f'k{kk ds nk'kZfud ,oa lekt'kkL=h; vk/kkj] vkj0 yky cqd fM;ks] esjB] i`’B la0 355&372A